DOE Office of Science High Energy Physics

1. DOE Office of ScienceHigh Energy Physics Biological and Environmental Research Advisory CommitteeApril 20, 2005 Dr. Robin Staffin, Associate Director Office of High Energy Physics Office of Science

2. This is not our grandparents’ Universe We do not know what 96% of the universe is made of! 3.5% 23% 73%

3. Quantum Universe • Quantum Universe , along with Connecting Quarks with the Cosmos and The Physics of the Universe, defines the HEP program as a series of basic connected questions: • “To discover what the universe is made of and how it works is the challenge of particle physics”

4. Quantum Universe Questions and Tools for a Scientific Revolution

5. Quantum Universe Questions and Tools for a Scientific Revolution

6. Quantum Universe- Major U.S. Facilities

7. Quantum Universe Around the World Many countries are considering translating Quantum Universe into their languages (China, Italy, France); or converting it to reflect a picture of their country’s program (UK, Canada). Poised for a “Great Leap Forward”

8. HEP Major Program Thrusts B-factory, Tevatron LHC LC JDEM, LSST LHC LC LHC LC LC LC CDMS, AXION Blue = In operationOrange = ApprovedPurple = Proposed

9. HEP Major Program Thrusts MiniBooNE MINOS nSuperBeam LHC LHC Tevatron/B-factory Lattice QCD BTeV B-factory ?? n SuperBeam Blue = In operationOrange = ApprovedPurple = Proposed

10. Fermilab Tevatron “Run 2” Physics • Tevatron is currently the energy frontier facility in HEP both nationally and worldwide, until LHC takes over later this decade • Addresses some of the most fundamental questions facing particle physics today • Precision W boson and top quark masses, supersymmetry search, dark matter candidate, extra dimensions, constraining the Higgs • Priority will be on maximizing the long-term physics output

11. NuMI/MINOS • Neutrino oscillation experiment using 120 GeV Proton Beam • Construction of Beamline and two detectors completed in Jan 2005 • Operations began, collecting neutrinos Near Detector: 980 tons Far Detector: 5400 tons

12. B Physics: An Intriguing Hint? ~2.6s discrepancy If central value remains as is, this would become ~5 sigma by 2005 B-Factory at SLAC

13. U.S. and CERN’s Large Hadron Collider LHC : Next energy frontier as the world’s foremost HEP research facility • U.S. scientific research at the frontier critically depends on participation in LHC • U.S. contributions to LHC construction began in 1996 and have progressed on track • A high priority for DOE is to provide adequate resources to enable U.S. physicists to analyze the vast quantity of LHC data and lead the LHC physics program • The LHC is presently scheduled to begin commissioning in 2007

14. The Next Step:International Linear Collider (ILC) • Electron Positron Collider at 0.5-1 TeV • ILC together with LHC • Can establish “Higgs” mechanism generates all masses • Can establish Supersymmetry as a new principle of nature • Can figure out what Dark Matter really is • Can study Extra Dimensions & measure their number, shape, geometry • Can test Unification of Quantum Mechanics and Gravity • Super high tech: nanometer beams • Superconducting cavities for main accelerator • Technology extremely challenging, yet basically at hand • Need to complete the design • World-wide organization and machine design in development

15. LHC discovered something….but is it the Dark Matter? This Figure shows how a Linear Collider (along with other experiments) can persuasively identify supersymmetric particles as the Dark Matter, not just dark matter candidate.

16. ILC: the scale (but not the location!) US options study 47 km long US options study 47 km long

17. Planning for the Future • Current U.S. accelerator-based program is world-leading, but finite in lifetime • B-factory and the Tevatron will ramp down toward the end of the decade; and a number of neutrino programs also • Linear Collider is HEP’s highest priority for a future major facility, • but timescale is uncertain and it cannot be done without either an increase in resources or a reduction in cost • LHC participation will be a central piece of the program Hence We are planning for a portfolio of medium scale, medium term experiments to start construction in the period 2007-10 • Scientific opportunities are compelling • neutrino physics (APS study); dark matter, dark energy… • Resources will become available, through redirection

18. Summary • We appear to be on the verge of the next revolution in particle physics • TeV scale: Unification, origin of mass, supersymmetry and dark matter • Neutrinos: Determine the detailed properities of the three (?) “flavor” of neutrinos • CP Violation: Is the Standard Model all there is? • Where’s all the anti-matter? • Dark Matter and Energy: Can we understand the other 90% of the universe? • By the end of the decade, we hope to have some of the answers…and undoubtedly new questions

19. BACKUP SLIDES

20. Oct ‘04 Oct ‘03 Run2 at 2 fb-1 Fermilab Tevatron Run2 • Run II data sample will double every 12 months or so until 2007, then run steadily until 2009. • Total by the end of Run II will be between 4 and 8 fb-1 , or ~20x the previous sample. Higgs, Top and W

21. International Linear Collider (ILC) and U.S. Involvement • In August 2004 International Committee for the Future of Accelerators (ICFA) announced their technology recommendation for an ILC: • The recommended technology choice is superconducting radio frequency acceleration in the main linacs • World-wide collaborators are consolidating efforts toward cold technology-based world-wide R&D program. • The Director of the world-wide Global Design Effort has been appointed: Barry Barish (U.S) by ICFA. • The technology selection has led to a realignment of the U.S. linear collider R&D effort: • A management realignment into the “American Directorate” as part of a Global Design Effort. • World government meetings on how to organize international R&D. UK, US, Canada, Germany, Italy, France, CERN, Japan, South Korea, India.

22. High Energy Physics FY 2006 Budget ($M)

23. New Initiatives • Some medium-scale experiments that might be considered (not an exhaustive list) • A reactor-based neutrino experiment to measure 13 • An off-axis accelerator-based neutrino experiment for 13 and to resolve the neutrino mass hierarchy • A high intensity neutrino beam for neutrino CP-violation experiments • A neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment to probe the Majorana nature of neutrinos • An underground experiment to search for direct evidence of dark matter • A ground-based dark energy experiment • … Note: JDEM, ILC are considered to be above “medium-scale.”