The Rise of Islam

1. The Rise of Islam Chapter 11, Section 1, page 372

2. Chapter 11, Section 1 Objectives • After this lesson, students will be able to: • identify ways the Arab way of life is shaped by the deserts, coastline, and oases of Arabia. • discuss how the prophet Muhammad brought the message of Islam to the people of Arabia. • explain the Quran and how it provides guidelines for Muslims’ lives and the governments of Islamic states.

3. Daily Life in Early Arabia - 373 • The Arabian Peninsula • mostly desert • oases (oasis) – green areas fed by underground water • To survive, early Arabs organized into tribes who were loyal to one another. • sheikh – head of a tribe

4. Who Are the Bedouins? – page 373 • Bedouins – desert herders who traveled from oasis to oasis • animals were crucial

5. Trade and Towns – page 373 • caravans – groups of traveling merchants and animals who moved goods across the desert • Byzantine and Sassanid Empires • Mekkah (Mecca) – largest and richest town along the trade routes • Ka’aba – holy shrine in Islam

6. Trade and Towns – page 373

7. Muhammad: Islam’s Prophet – page 374 • Muhammad (c. A.D.570 - 632) – founder of the Islamic faith • orphaned; raised by grandfather and uncle • trader and business man • wife: Khadijah; children • revelation when he was about 40 years old

8. Muhammad’s Message – page 374 • c. A.D. 610 – He said he was visited by the angel Gabriel, who proclaimed that he was a messenger of the one true God, called Allah (Arabic for “God”). • Gabriel instructed him to preach Islam, which means “surrendering to the will of Allah.” • Muslims = practitioners of Islam • Muhammad obeyed • preached that all people were equal and the rich should share goods • Day of Judgment

9. Opposition to Islam – page 374 • family conversions • Wealthy merchants and religious leaders were opposed to Islam. • A.D. 622 Muhammad forced out of Mekkah → went to Yathrib (Madinah, which means “city of the prophet”). • journey known as the Hijrah • Muhammad became leader of Madinah → created army → returned to Mekkah and conquered it

10. Islam’s Teachings – page 377 • Judaic, Christian, and Islamic religious similarities • belief in one God • prophets (Muslims believe Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad were all prophets!) • heaven, hell, judgment • trace ancestry to Abraham

11. What is the Quran? – page 377 • Quran (Qur’an or Koran) – holy book of Islam • central to Islamic faith; only the Arabic version is considered to be the true word of Allah • instructions on how to live (moral teachings on how to treat one another, etc.) • Sunna – Muhammad’s example • shari’a - Quran and Sunna assembled into a body of law

12. The Five Pillars of Islam – page 378 • Five Pillars of Islam – acts of worship Muslims must fulfill • Belief – declaration of faith • Prayer – five times daily (dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and evening) in the direction of Mekkah; usually gather at a mosque (Islamic house of worship) on Fridays • Alms – responsibility to support the less fortunate • Fasting – no eating between dawn and sunset during the holy month of Ramadan (exceptions) • Pilgrimage – the hajj at least once

13. Chapter 11, Section 1 Questions Copy the following questions and then answer them. • Describe the physical qualities of the Arabian peninsula. • What is a caravan? Why were they formed? • Who founded Islam? What does the word “Islam” mean? • What do we call people who practice Islam? • Name the holy book of Islam. • Name the Five Pillars of Faith.

14. Islamic Empires Chapter 11, Section 2, page 380

15. Chapter 11, Section 2 Objectives • After this lesson, students will be able to: • describe how Arabs spread Islam through conquest, preaching, and trade. • explain the split of Muslims into two groups with different beliefs, and the Arab Empire’s climb to new heights. • discuss how Turks and Moguls built Muslim empires in Asia, Africa, and Europe.

16. The Spread of Islam – page 380 • caliph – meant successor to the Messenger of God • Rightly Guided Caliphs – rulers who obeyed Islam’s teachings • Abu • Umayyad caliphs A.D. 661 – 750

17. The Muslims Build an Empire – page 380 • Why were the Arabs successful in building an empire? • Arab soldiers were inspired by their new faith. • death in battle for Islam = paradise • let conquered peoples practice their own religion • Arabic language adopted frequently (common language + holy book = unifying factor) • merchants and preachers

18. Preaching and Trading – page 381 • Similar to Christian missionaries, Sufis spread the teachings of Islam. • trade

19. Preaching and Trading – page 381

20. Struggles Within Islam – page 382 • Shiites – believed that Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, should rule after Muhammad’s death • Sunnis – believed the Umayyad dynasty should rule • Most Muslims today are Sunnis.

21. The Seljuk Turks – page 383 • The Abbasid Empire • capital: Baghdad • Seljuk Turks • Abbasid caliph remained religious leader • the Seljuks ruled the government and the army • sultan – Seljuk ruler title, means “holder of power” • Mongols stormed Baghdad in 1258 → end of Arab Empire

22. Later Muslim Empires – page 384 • Ottoman Empire • began in Turkey • allowed religious freedom • special tax • other requirements (janissaries) • Suleiman I – sultan of the Ottoman Empire in the 1500s • architecture • general • lasted until the end of WWI

23. Later Muslim Empires – page 384

24. Who Were the Moguls? – page 385 • Moguls – people who created a Muslim empire in India • Akbar brought peace and order to India in the 1500s

25. Chapter 11, Section 2 Questions Copy the following questions and then answer them. • Define caliph. • What brought an end to Arab unity under the Seljuk Turks? • Who was Suleiman I? • Why were the Muslims successful in building an empire?

26. Muslim Ways of Life Chapter 11, Section 3, page 387

27. Chapter 11, Section 3 Objectives • After this lesson, students will be able to: • explain why Muslim traders enjoyed great success and cities grew, but most Muslims lived in villages in the country. • identify valuable contributions to the sciences and arts made by Muslims.

28. Trade and Everyday Life – page 388 • Why were Muslim tradersso successful? • location, location, location • Arabic language • provided coins • detailed business records → new business: banking

29. What Were Muslim Cities Like? – page 388 • trade = city growth • major buildings: palaces and mosques • another feature: the bazaar – a marketplace • Most Muslims lived in villages and farmed the land. • wheat ― almonds ― olives • rice ― blackberries ― flowers • beans ― apricots • melons ― figs

30. Muslim Society – page 389 • Social groups were based on power and wealth. • rules regarding slaves

31. Muslim Achievements – page 391 • preservation of Greek heritage • mathematics and science • al-Khwarizmi – father of algebra (from Arabic al-jabr) • Arabic numerals • astrolabe • al-Razi – considered a founder of chemistry • Ibn Sina – doctor who showed how diseases spread from person to person

32. Muslim Writing – page 393 • The Arabian Nights • Omar Khayyam – poet who wrote the Rubaiyat • wrote books on algebra and music as well • Ibn Khaldun – historian who studied the effects of geography and climate on people

33. designs entwined with flowers, leaves, stars, and other geometric designs instead of images of Muhammad mosques – dome-topped with minarets (a tower from which believers are called to prayer) palaces – Alhambra in Grenada, Spain The Taj Mahal Art and Buildings – page 393

34. Chapter 11, Section 3 Questions Copy the following questions and then answer them. • Give two reasons that Muslim traders were successful. • Define bazaar. • Name the contributions of the following people: al-Khwarizmi, al-Razi, IbnSina. • Why do Muslims refrain from using pictures of Muhammad in the decorations of their mosques and palaces? • Name two famous examples of Muslim architecture.