The Rise Of Islam

1. The Rise Of Islam

2. The Life of Muhammad 570-632 A.D. • Born in Mecca • Belief: Angel Gabriel delivered a message by Allah • Revelations were written down • Holy text became the Qu’ran (Koran) • Muhammad: Founder of Islam • Islam = Submission to the will of Allah • Those who practice Islam are called Muslims • Muhammad seeks to teach others. • After three years, he had only 30 followers!

3. Muhammad leaves Mecca and goes to Yathrib (Medina) • Eight years later, the number increased to 10,000. • He returns to Mecca and takes over. • Converts the rest of the population. • Muhammad dies two years later, but not without impact. • His return was instrumental in the spreading of Islam. • How does Muhammad compare to Jesus?

4. Mecca, Saudi Arabia Islam's holiest city Birthplace of the prophet Muhammad Over a billion Muslims around the globe face Mecca in devout prayer five times daily. Holy pilgrimage The Qur’an dictates that all Muslims in good health with adequate finances must make a pilgrimage (called the Hajj) to Mecca at least once in their lifetimes. About two million Muslims (from some 100 countries) make this religious journey each year. The Significance of Mecca

5. What are they going to see? • Mecca's sacred black Ka'bah (see photo). • Outdoor, near-cubic structure is draped in black • It housed the holy Black Stone that Muslims believe was given by heaven to the prophet Abraham. • As they pray, many pilgrims are shoulder-to-shoulder as they circle the Ka'Bah. • The Ka'Bah is surrounded by the Great Mosque, which in turn is encircled by the city of Mecca.

6. Aerial View of Mecca

8. The Significance of Medina • Medina, Saudi Arabia • The second holiest city • The city of the prophet • Medina is significant as the city to which Muhammad fled when he was initially driven out of Mecca as well as the place where he attracted his first followers.

10. Belief in Allah and in Muhammad as his prophet Standard prayer five times a day and public prayer Observation of the holy month of Ramadan (the 9th month in the Muslim calendar) “Fasting” If possible, making a pilgrimage to Mecca Giving alms to the poor and unfortunate Basic Ethical Code of the-Five Pillars of Islam-

11. The Shari’ah is the Islamic system of law. Unlike the western world, the Shari’ah did not separate church and state. • Much of the guidelines came from the Qur’an. Basic Ethical Code • Guidelines under the Shari’ah • Muslims were forbidden to gamble, eat pork, drink alcohol, or engage in dishonest behavior • Marriages were arranged • Contacts between unmarried were discouraged • Men could have more than one wife as long as they could adequately provide for them.

12. Islam After Muhammad • When Muhammad died, there needed to be a sucessor. • After much debate, the new leader appointed, was his father in-law, Abu Bakr • Abu Bakr was named Caliph (leader of the Islamic community) • Under Abu Bakr, the Islamic movement began to grow. • Abu Bakr continued with jihad as Muhammad did. • According to the Qu’ran, jihadmeans struggle or striving in the way of (Allah). • The concept of Jihad is left up to numerous interpretations. • Jihad is often translated as holy war • Bakr will help expand the Arab Empire • He will die two years after being named caliph.

13. Who is the next leader? • Ali, Muhammad’s son in law, was chosen as the caliph. • There was a great dispute about Ali being chosen. • Ali is the central figure at the origin of the schism that led to Shi’ite / Sunni Muslims. • Schism means a division of a group into opposing factions. (This is similar to the different branches of Christianity.) • Shias/Shi’ite Muslims feel that Ali should have been the first caliph and that the caliphate should pass down only to direct descendants of Muhammad • The death of Ali: A supporter murders him, but motive is left unclear. • The emergence of Mu’awiyah Umayyad (oo-my-ad) • Umayyad will create a hereditary caliphate in his name. • Thus created the Umayyad Dynasty

14. Sunni Muslims are the largest denomination of Islam. The caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders. They also believed that the Qu’ran was the only guide they needed between Allah and his followers. Shia Muslims are second to the Sunnis in denomination. The caliph must be a descendant of the prophet Muhammad. They also believed a person had to act as a guide between Allah and his followers. Sunni and Shia Muslims

16. Muhammad& FourCaliphs Abu Bakr Umar Uthman Ali Umayyad Dynasty Mu’awiyah Umayyad Hussein, Ali’s second son, will attempt to rise up against the Umayyad Hussein and his army of 72, will be slaughtered Move capital city from Medina to Damascus, Syria Set up city in Spain (Cardoba) Moors are Muslims in Spain. Abbasid Dynasty Built capital city in Baghdad, on the Tigris River Continued extension of Islam Decline of moral values lead to another takeover Seljuk Turks Take over and establish a Sultan- “Holder of Power” Turks will take over a great portion of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) -Islam out West- The Byzantine Empire will call for help from the West. Next focus will be the West, and the two worlds colliding. ISLAM OVERVIEW

17. Ibn Sina Contributions In c. 800 AD the mathematical discipline of Algebra was created. • Devised medical textbook used until 1650 in European Universities

19. The Byzantine Empire and Islam • Challenge of the rise of Islam • The greatest threat came from the Seljuk Turks (Remember them?) • The Byzantine Empire will lose key battles forcing new emperor, Alexius I to ask for support. • This support will eventually lead to what is called, “The Crusades”.