The Rise of Islam

1. The Rise of Islam Learning Objective: Students will be able to define key terms related to the religion of Islam and describe its geographical location. And the Life of Muhammad

2. Islam: A monotheistic religion based on the word of God as revealed to Muhammad during the 7th century. Muhammad told his followers that he was the messenger of God. Muhammad Receiving the word of God from the angel Gabriel.

3. Monotheism: the belief that there is only one God, as found in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. • Qur’an: the sacred text of Islam, believed by Muslims to Record the revelations of God to Muhammad. • Muhammad: The man on whose ideas Islam is based. • Sacred: holy or used in religious worship.

4. White Boards • Everyone read the definition of Qur’an. • Who is Muhammad? The man on whose ideas Islam is based. • What is monotheism? the belief that there is only one God. • If something is sacred what is it? Holy or from God.

5. ARABIA DURING THE 6TH CENTURY AD • The people of the Arabian Peninsula learned how to survive in the desert. They raised sheep, goats, and camels and learned to keep moving in search of food and water. Over time, they also learned to earn a living through trade. These skills proved valuable as merchants came to the Arabian Peninsula from surrounding countries, buying and selling. Trade between Africa and Asia passed through the peninsula, as did trade between Asia and Europe. • The Arabian Peninsula became a major trading hub for all three continents.

6. The Arabian Peninsula, the center piece of ancient trade routes

7. THE SPREAD OF ISLAM • Traders carried silk, jewels, cotton, spices, and other goods from one region to another. But more than merchandise passed between merchants and traders. Ideas, knowledge, and beliefs also passed along trade routes. • One belief that spread quickly was the religion ofIslam, which began on the Arabian Peninsula and spread outward. Islamic traders from the Arabian Peninsula who traveled to Persian, Egypt, Spain, and elsewhere brought their religion with them. • The followers of Islam also won people to their religion through war and conquest.

8. MAKKAH (MECCA) • By the time that Muhammad was born, Makkah was a prosperous city. Merchant families brought goods into Makkah from faraway places. Merchants grew wealthy through trade with Yemen (southern Arabia), Syria, and kingdoms in Africa. • Makkah was also a religious center. According to the Qur’an, Abraham had builtthe cube-shaped shrine, the Ka’bah, centuries before, to honor God. • Most Arabs (before Muhammad) followed polytheism, and the Ka’bah housed hundreds of statues of different gods. • polytheism: belief in more than one god.

9. White Boards • What kind of hub was the Arabian Peninsula? • A trading hub • As you recall Mecca was a prosperous city, what else was it? • A religious center • Most Arabs (before Muhammad) followed polytheism, what is that? • Belief in many gods

10. The Ka’bah

11. Muhammad’s Early Life • Following custom, Muhammad’s mother sent her baby to live with a family of nomads in the desert. There, the young boy learned about traditional Arab values, such as being kind to strangers and helping orphans, widows, and other needy members of society. • As a boy, Muhammad tended his family’s flocks of sheep and goats. When he was about 12 years old, he accompanied his uncle on a trading journey. They traveled far north to Syria. On this journey, Muhammad gained his first experiences outside Arabia. • As Muhammad grew up, he took on more duties and made more trading journeys. He became a merchant who enjoyed a reputation throughout Makkah for his honesty. People called him al-Amin, which means “the Trustworthy.”

12. Muhammad as a Young man. • Muhammad was still a young man when he began managing caravans for a widow named Khadijah, who ran a trading business. Muhammad earned her great profits. Impressed with his abilities and honesty, Khadijah proposed marriage. Muhammad accepted her offer, and when he was about 25, they married. • For the next 15 years, Muhammad made his living as a merchant. Although he enjoyed success in business, he also cared about spiritual matters.

13. White Boards • What title did Muhammad earn as a trader? • al-Amin, “the Trustworthy’ • What does widow mean? • A woman whose husband died • Who was the widow that Muhammad worked for? • Khadijah • What did Khadijah ask of Muhammad? • If he would marry her

14. Interesting Fact! Many of the prophets of the 3 major religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) are the same, such as Abraham. Muhammad preached that Jews and Christians are also “People of the Book”, acknowledging Islam’s relationship to Christianity and Judaism.

15. Hajj pilgrims praying towards the Ka'ba at the Masjid Al-Haram in Mecca

16. Part 1:“Call to Prophethood”

17. Learning Objective(Part 1) Students will be able to re-tell the story of Muhammad’s vision and early converts to Islam. Convert: someone who changes their beliefs and accepts a new religion.

18. Muhammad went to pray in a cave in the mountains near Mecca. Allah (God) sent the angel, Gabriel, to Muhammad in a vision telling him to recite holy teachings. Gabriel told Muhammad, “You are the messenger of God.” Muhammad’s Vision

19. He went to talk with his wife, Khadijah. Kadijah expressed her faith that Muhammad had been chosen as a prophet of God. Prophet: messenger of God. Khadijah became the first convert to Islam. Convert: someone who changes their beliefs and accepts a new religion What did Muhammad do after his vision?

20. Muhammad continued to receive messages from Gabriel for 22 years. • First, he told only his close family, but soon more people converted. • His followers became known as Muslims (“those who surrender to God.”)

21. Whiteboards • Who was the first convert to Islam? • What is a prophet? • Answers: Khadijah, Muhammad’s wife, was the first convert to Islam. • A prophet is a messenger from God.

22. Whiteboards • According to Islamic teachings, how did Muhammad learn that Allah had chosen him as a prophet? • Muhammad saw Allah while he was praying. • Khadijah told Muhammad to pray for a sign. • Muhammad received a written message from Allah. • Muhammad received a visit from the angel, Gabriel.

23. Whiteboards • According to Islamic teachings, how did Muhammad learn that Allah had chosen him as a prophet? D. Muhammad received a visit from the angel, Gabriel.

24. Think/ Pair/ Share • Re-tell the story of Muhammad’s vision to your partner. • A’s tell B’s • B’s tell A’s • I will now choose students to explain to the class.

25. Part 2:“muhammad’s Teaching meets with Rejection”

26. Learning Objective(Part 2) • Students will be able to describe early problems Muhammad faced when trying to spread his religion.

27. Muhammad’s teachings People must worship one God. All believers in God were equal. The rich should share their wealth. Meccans should help take care of the orphans and the poor. What Muhammad taught to his followers:

28. What did Muhammad teach about Christians and Jews? They were to be respected as “People of the Book” since they also believed in one God.

29. Whiteboards • Why did Muhammad preach tolerance for Christians and Jews as “People of the Book?” A. because of their belief in one God. B. because of their emphasis on daily prayer. C. because of their belief in many prophets. D. because of their emphasis on hard work.

30. Whiteboards • Why did Muhammad preach tolerance for Christians and Jews as “People of the Book?” A. because of their belief in one God.

31. But… • Mecca’s leaders didn’t want to share their wealth. • Some did not want to give up their many gods. • So, some Meccans called Muhammad a liar and tortured his followers. • They even boycotted Muhammad’s family trading business. • Boycott: a refusal to do business with an organization or group.

32. So, • Muhammad went on a journey (hijrah) and moved to the city of Medina, where his teachings were more welcomed. • By the time of his death in 632 AD, people throughout central and southern Arabia had accepted the teachings of Islam and the Qur’an as the word of God.

33. Whiteboards • Which of Muhammad’s teachings most upset Makkah’s leaders? • Men should be in charge of women and children. • The rich should share their wealth with the poor. • The government should not tax the citizens. • Only people who could read should hold power.

34. Whiteboards • Which of Muhammad’s teachings most upset Makkah’s leaders? B. The rich should share their wealth with the poor.

35. Think/ Pair/ Share • Describe the early problems Muhammad faced when trying to spread his religion. • A’s tell B’s • B’s tell A’s • I will now choose someone to explain to the class.

36. Part 3:“The Four Caliphs”

37. Learning Objective(Part 3) • Students will be able to define the type of Muslim government formed after Muhammad’s death and identify areas of the world which converted to Islam.

38. Who was to be the new leader after Muhammad’s death? • Abu Bakr was chosen. He was Muhammad’s father-in-law. • He became known as the first caliph. • A caliph is the title of a Muslim ruler. • Caliphs were said to be guided by the Qur’an. • The Muslim government, now in control of parts of Arabia, became known as the caliphate.

39. Islamic Expansion • The four caliphs who followed Muhammad greatly expanded the lands under their rule despite struggles over leadership and even civil war. • By the mid 700’s, the Muslim empire included Spain, North Africa, the Middle East, and part of central Asia and India.

40. Islam in the world today (in green):

41. Whiteboards • List the areas that were part of the Muslim empire by the mid 700’s. • What is a caliph? • What guided the caliphs? • Answers: 1) Spain, North Africa, the Middle East, and part of central Asia and India. 2) A caliph is the title of a Muslim ruler. 3) Caliphs were said to be guided by the Qur’an.

42. Think/ Pair/ Share • Define what type of Muslim government was formed after Muhammad’s death. • A’s tell B’s • B’s tell A’s • I will now choose someone to explain to the class.

43. Momentous Move Learning Objective: Students will identify the events and struggle that Muhammad went through to make sure his people received the word of God. Muhammad’s first mosque in Medina.

44. Madinah (Medina)“City of the Prophet.” • With Abu Talib’s death, Muhammad lost his protector. As Muslims came under more attacks, Muhammad sought a new home. • A group of Arab pilgrims asked Muhammad to move to Yathrib to bring peace between feuding tribes. • In 622, Muhammad and his followers left Makkah for the city of Yathrib. • This journey is referred to as the Hijrah. • Yathrib was renamed Madinah short for “City of the Prophet.”

45. Vocabulary • Muslim: One who surrenders to God. • Momentous: extremely important, especially in its effect on the future course of events. • Allah: Muslim refer to God as this. • Protector: a person who prevents someone from being harmed or injured. • Criticize: to express disapproval of or dissatisfaction with somebody or something.

46. White Boards • Why did Muhammad move to another town? To settle a dispute between two tribes. • What was that cities name? The cities name was Yathrib. • Who died and left Muhammad unprotected? Abu Talib, the head of the Hashim clan. • Yathrib was renamed to…? Madinah • This means…? “City of the Prophet.”

47. The Hijrah • Was there another reason for Muhammad to move to Yathrib? • What was it? • Yes. Muslims were coming under more attacks.

48. “People of the Book” • Over the next six years in Madinah, Muhammad developed a new Muslim community as more Arabs converted to Islam. • Even though Muhammad and the Qur’an criticized Jews and Christians on some aspects of their beliefs, Muhammad asked his followers to respect Christians and Jews. Like Muslims, these “People of the Book” believe in one God.

49. White Board Muhammad asked that Jews and Christians be treated as lawful members of society. What did Muslims, Christians, and Jews have in common? They believed in one God. They felt that Jerusalem was a holy city. They were all people of the book. All of the above. All of the above

50. Conversion by Force • In 624, fighting broke out between the Muslims and Makkans, and the Muslims won that battle. A few years later, the Makkans staged a siege of Madinah, but failed to capture the city. • The victory against the Makkan troops—and the ideas of charity, generosity, and forgiveness that Muhammad preached, convinced other tribes to convert to Islam. • As Islam spread across Arabia, the Makkans agreed to a truce that would allow the Muslims to make their pilgrimage to Makkah.