Case Study 1 :

1. Case Study 1 : Tower of Pisa

2. Tower of Pisa • During building, in the 12th century, the tower began to lean to one side so that the works were suspended.

3. Tower of Pisa • A century later when the works recommenced, having partly corrected the inclination, the tower began to lean to the other side and has never stopped since.

4. Today, the structure has reached a horizontal displacement at the top, of around 5 in, an inclination of 5' 28', an eccentricity of the dead load resultant force with Tower of Pisa

5. Continue… respect to the baricentrum of the foundation of 2.27 m which gives an overtuning moment of 32,900 tons and an average vertical settlement of about 2.5 m .

6. Tower of Pisa • The displacements of the foundation are prevalently vertical but a small horizontal movement has also been surveyed with upstream direction so that the centre of rotation is many meters higher that the foundation level. Fig 1 Section of the Tower of Pisa

7. Tower of Pisa • The causes of the phenomenon are the deformability of the underlying clays, where the pressure is progressively increasing due to the

8. inclination, and subsidence due to the variation of the piezonietric level caused by water being extracted from the many wells in the area. Continue…

9. Tower of Pisa • A few years ago, to reduce the overturning moment, some lead blocks (760 t) were placed on the upstream side of the tower, over a provisional reinforced concrete ring, reducing the overturning moment of about 20% ( change in M = 6300 KNm) (refer to next slide)

10. Tower of Pisa Fig 2 Lead blocks placed on the base of the tower to reduce overturning moment

11. Tower of Pisa Fig 3 Possible schemes for the provisional safeguard system

12. Tower of Pisa Fig 4 Axonometric view of provisional safeguard systems