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Antenna Basics Module 3A

Antenna Basics Module 3A. Jerry Bernardini Community College of Rhode Island. Presentation Reference Material. The California Regional Consortium for Engineering Advances in Technological Education (CREATE) project CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administration Official Study Guide

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Antenna Basics Module 3A

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  1. Antenna BasicsModule 3A Jerry Bernardini Community College of Rhode Island CCRI J. Bernardini

  2. Presentation Reference Material • The California Regional Consortium for Engineering Advances in Technological Education (CREATE) project • CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administration Official Study Guide (PWO-104), David Coleman, David Westcott, 2009, Chapter-1 • Cisco Wireless technology • http://martybugs.net/ Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

  3. Antenna Principles • A theoretical isotropic antenna has a perfect 360º vertical and horizontal beamwidth • The Isotropic antenna the a reference for all antennas (dBi) • Antennas are symmetrical: A receiving antenna has the same characteristics as a transmitter • Antennas have gain in particular directions • Direction other than the main intended radiation pattern, are typically related to the main lobe gain CCRI J. Bernardini

  4. Different Antennas CCRI J. Bernardini

  5. Key Antenna Terms • Plane H (H-Horizontal) • Plane E(E-Elevation) • Lobes • Directional • Omnidirectional • Beamwidth • Bandwidth • Polarization • Vertical (Elevation) • Horizontal (Azimuth) • Diversity • VSWR • Antenna Accessories CCRI J. Bernardini

  6. Antenna Gains CCRI J. Bernardini

  7. Antenna Characteristics • Main beam is the region around the direction of maximum radiation The main beam is centered at 90 degrees • Sidelobes are smaller beams that are away from the main beam. Radiate in directions other than the main beam and can never be completely eliminated. • Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW) is the angular separation in which the magnitude of the radiation pattern decrease by 50% (or -3 dB) from the peak of the main beam. • Null to Null Beamwidth. the angular separation from which the magnitude of the radiation pattern decreases to zero (negative infinity dB) away from the main beam. CCRI J. Bernardini

  8. H-Plane-Azimuth 0o Beamwidth -3dB 270o 90o 180o CCRI J. Bernardini

  9. Beamwidths 0 dB -3dB CCRI J. Bernardini

  10. Polar Pattern Analysis 50o Beam CCRI J. Bernardini

  11. Dipole H and E Planes CCRI J. Bernardini

  12. 5.8 dBi Omnidirectional Antenna, CCRI J. Bernardini

  13. Side View (Vertical Pattern) Vertical Beamwidth New Pattern (with Gain) Top View (Horizontal Pattern) Typical Dipole Antenna Beam Pattern • Starting from an Isotropic antenna energy lobes are ‘pushed in’ from the top and bottom • Higher gain • Smaller vertical beamwidth • Larger horizontal lobe • Typical dipole pattern CCRI J. Bernardini

  14. 2.4 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas • 2 dBi Dipole "Standard Rubber Duck" CCRI J. Bernardini

  15. Rubber Ducky Antenna Construction Each half of the dipole is a 1/4 wavelength, with the length corrected based on the velocity of the coax being used. Assuming a centre frequency for 802.11b of 2.441GHz, a 1/4 wavelength in free space is 30.7mm. Length of the metal casing is approx 24mm, with a total length of 50mm. Thin wire whip protruding from the top of the metal casing is approx 26mm Metal casing is a "decoupler", and is typically used to tune the antenna, by moving the decoupler up and down to vary the VSWR . CCRI J. Bernardini

  16. High Gain Omni-Directionals • More coverage area in a circular pattern • Energy level directly above or below the antenna will become lower CCRI J. Bernardini

  17. 2.4 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas • 5.2 dBi Mast Mount Vertical CCRI J. Bernardini

  18. 2.4 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas • 5.2 dBi Pillar Mount Diversity CCRI J. Bernardini

  19. 2.4 GHz Diversity Omni-Directional Antennas • 2 dBi Diversity Omni-Directional Ceiling Mount CCRI J. Bernardini

  20. 2.4 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas • 12 dBi Omni-Directional (Outdoor only) CCRI J. Bernardini

  21. 2.4 GHz Diversity Antennas • 6.5 dBi Diversity Patch Wall Mount – 55 degree CCRI J. Bernardini

  22. 2.4 GHz Directional Antennas (cont.) • 6 dBi Patch Antenna – 65 degree CCRI J. Bernardini

  23. 2.4 GHz Directional Antennas (cont.) • 8.5 dBi Patch Antenna – 60 degree CCRI J. Bernardini

  24. 2.4 GHz 13.5 dBi Yagi Antenna • – 25 degree Beamwidth CCRI J. Bernardini

  25. 2.4 GHz Directional Antennas (cont.) • 21 dBi Parabolic Dish Antenna – 12 degree CCRI J. Bernardini

  26. Antenna Polarization E-Plane is parallel to the antenna H-Plane is perpendicular to the antenna Horizontal Polarization – the Electric field is parallel to the ground Vertical Polarization – the Electric field is perpendicular to the ground CCRI J. Bernardini

  27. FCC Rules 2.4 GHz EIRP • Point-to-Multipoint • FCC allows increasing the gain of an antenna/cable system if the transmitter power is reduced below 30 dBm in a 1:1 ratio • Reduce Transmit Power below maximum of 30 dBm by 1 dBm and increase antenna/cable system gain by 1dBi • Point-to-Point • Maximum of 36 dBm EIRP • Installations – 30 dBm maximum transmitter power with 6 dBi in gain attributed to antenna and cable combination • FCC allows exceeding the 36 dBm EIRP in Point-to-Point installations using the 3:1 rule • Reduce Transmit Power below maximum of 30 dBm by 1 dBm and increase antenna/cable system gain by 3 dBi CCRI J. Bernardini

  28. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) • A measure of the change in impedance to an AC signal. • Ratio of the Maximum Voltage to Minimum Voltage in an RF system. • Typical Values: 1.1 : 1 to 1.5 :1 (1:1 Ideal system; impossible to obtain) • Measure of the amount of energy sent to the antenna that reflects back to the transmitter. • Too large a VSWR will reflect too much energy back to the transmitter and damage the transmitter • Output of Transmitter must match Cable , which matches Antenna impedance • Return Loss – Ratio of Reflected voltage to Transmitter voltage in dB. Ideally this should be small CCRI J. Bernardini

  29. VSWR Table CCRI J. Bernardini

  30. Impedance Matching Effects • When the impedances are matched –Half of the source power is delivered to the load and half is dissipated within the (equivalent) generator as heat • For receiving antenna, half the power captured is lost as heat in the antenna elements, the other part being reradiated (scattered) back into space • When the antenna impedance is not matched to the transmitter output impedance (or to the receiver input impedance) or to the transmission line between them, impedance-matching devices must be used for maximum power transfer. • -impedance-matching devices are used They are usually narrow-band • Transmission lines often have significant losses CCRI J. Bernardini

  31. Antenna Diversity • Receiver selects the stronger antenna signal compensating for multipath • Frame by frame antenna sampling to determine strongest signal • Transmitting occurs on the previous strong-signal antenna =Transmit Diversity • Not all access points have Trasmitter Diversity CCRI J. Bernardini

  32. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) • A sophisticated form of antenna diversity • Multipath signals are Space Time Coding (STC) processed to improve receiver performance • IEEE 802.11n employs MIMO • Not specified with 802.11a, b,g CCRI J. Bernardini

  33. Antenna Path Considerations • Radio line of sight • Height of Earth bulge • Fresnel Zone Radius • Height of Obstacles CCRI J. Bernardini

  34. Line of sight! Line of Sight • The following obstructions might obscure a visual link: • Topographic features, such as mountains • Curvature of the Earth • Buildings and other man-made objects • Trees CCRI J. Bernardini

  35. Longer Distances • Line of Sight disappears at 6 miles (9.7 Km) due to the earth curve CCRI J. Bernardini

  36. Fresnel Zone Fresnel Zone CCRI J. Bernardini

  37. CCRI J. Bernardini

  38. Improving Fresnel Effect Raise the antenna New structure Existing structure Different mounting point Remove trees CCRI J. Bernardini

  39. Site to Site Fresnel Zone • Antenna Height • Fresnel zone consideration • Line-of-Sight over 25 miles (40 Km) hard to implement Antenna Height (Value “H”) Total Distance Fresnel @ 60% (Value “F”) Earth Curvature (Value “C”) CCRI J. Bernardini

  40. Antenna Alignment Line of Sight CCRI J. Bernardini

  41. Antenna Installation Towers and antennas may require permits and must meet local regulations CCRI J. Bernardini

  42. Grounding • Antenna towers must be ground to protect from lightning Grounding Rods (6 ft r Antenna CCRI J. Bernardini

  43. 5 GHz Integrated Antenna • Innovative 5 GHz Combo Antenna: • Wall Mount: Fold antenna flat against access point housing for 6 dBi gain patch antenna • Ceiling Mount: Fold antenna out at a 90° angle for 5 dBi gain omni antenna In 6 dBi patch position In 5 dBi omni position CCRI J. Bernardini

  44. 2.4 GHz Accessories CCRI J. Bernardini

  45. RP-TNC Connectors CCRI J. Bernardini

  46. Lightning Arrestor CCRI J. Bernardini

  47. Lightning Arrestor • Designed to protect LAN devices from static electricity and lightning surges that travel on coax transmission lines • RP-TNC connectors used on all Cisco Antennas To Antenna Lug Lockwasher Nut Ground Wire From RF Device CCRI J. Bernardini

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