Sustainable Cities: Understanding the Role of Institutions, Politics and Environmental Governance

1. Sustainable Cities:Understanding the Role of Institutions, Politics and Environmental Governance Sara Hughes ASP Research Review National Center for Atmospheric Research March 7, 2012

2. Road Map • The Policy System • Governance, Institutions, and Politics • Sustainable Cities • Status and Trends • Cities and Climate Planning • Justice in Climate Planning: Delhi and Mexico City

3. The Policy System Governance, Institutions, and Politics

4. Environmental Governance “The set of regulatory processes, mechanisms and organizations through which political actors influence environmental actions and outcomes.” Lemos, Maria Carmen and Arun Agrawal. 2006. “Environmental Governance,” Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 31:297-325.

5. Environmental Governance Layer Cake Federalism (Old View) Marble Cake Federalism (New View)

6. Institutions The rights, rules and procedures that structure behavior and decision making outcomes. They are what a society or community uses to make collectively binding decisions, implement these decisions, resolve disputes, and punish rule-breakers. Young, Oran. 2002. The Institutional Dimensions of Environmental Change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Rothstein, Bo. 1996. “Political Institutions: An Overview” in A New Handbook of Political Science. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

7. Institutions Voting rules in Congress Decision making procedures in international negotiations Public participation processes in city code revisions

8. Institutions and the Environment • Resources need regulatory control or property rights • Humans doomed to over-exploit

9. Institutions and the Environment • Variety of arrangements • Complex, cooperative decision making behavior • New suite of tools • Resources need regulatory control or property rights • Humans doomed to over-exploit

10. Politics

11. Sustainable Cities An Increasingly Urban World

12. Sustainable Cities Cities are Sources of CO2 Emissions

13. Sustainable Cities Cities are Sites of Impacts Uncertainty in Water Supplies Expanded Urban Heat Islands

14. Cities and Climate Planning Cities are Sources of Innovation and Policy Action

15. Cities and Climate Planning The tools and processes cities use to develop a strategy for managing their carbon emissions and adapting to the possible consequences of climate change

16. Cities and Climate Planning Cities in developing/industrializing countries are increasingly planning for climate change

17. Cities and Climate Planning Mexico City Pact: 208 cities representing 250 million people 197 cities (95%) are from developing/industrializing countries

18. Cities and Climate Planning • Vulnerabilities are particularly acute • Extreme events • Exacerbating existing problems of poverty and environmental stress • Critical that urban climate governance generates local and equitably distributed benefits

19. Cities and Climate Planning Flooding Mexico City Sea Level Rise Rio de Janeiro Source: Andrea Ferraz Young, 2011 Source: Reuters, 2009

20. Cities and Climate Planning • Vulnerabilities are particularly acute • Extreme events • Exacerbating existing problems of poverty and environmental stress • Critical that urban climate governance generates local and equitably distributed benefits Source: Dr. Peter Kim Streatfield, ICDDR,B

21. Cities and Climate Planning • Vulnerabilities are particularly acute • Extreme events • Exacerbating existing problems of poverty and environmental stress • Critical that urban climate governance generates locally tangible and equitably distributed benefits

22. Cities and Climate Planning • Vulnerabilities are particularly acute • Extreme events • Exacerbating existing problems of poverty and environmental stress • Critical that urban climate governance generates locally tangible and equitably distributed benefits • Major gap in urban climate governance research is the implications for equity and justice (Bulkeley 2010)

23. Developing Research Questions

24. Developing Research Questions What are the implications of urban climate planning for justice in the city? And Do different governance conditions engage different mechanisms of justice/injustice in urban climate planning?

25. Developing Research Questions 1. Representation of Disadvantaged Groups in Planning (Process) 2. Priority Setting and Framing that Recognizes the Needs of Disadvantaged Groups (Outcomes) 3. Benefits and Their Distribution Enhance Freedoms and Capabilities of Disadvantaged Groups (Outcomes)

26. Developing Research Questions What are the implications of urban climate planning for justice in the city? And Do different governance conditions engage different mechanisms of justice/injustice in urban climate planning?

27. Governance Conditions Urban Climate Planning City Government and Policies

28. Governance Conditions Public Intergovernmental Organizations and International Negotiations Urban Climate Planning City Government and Policies National Policies NGO State Policies Private

29. Governance Conditions Public Intergovernmental Organizations and International Negotiations Urban Climate Planning City Government and Policies National Policies NGO State Policies Private

30. Governance Conditions Public Intergovernmental Organizations and International Negotiations Urban Climate Planning City Government and Policies National Policies NGO State Policies Private

31. Engaging Mechanisms Justice in Planning Outcomes Participation and Coalitions Priority Setting and Framing Distribution of Benefits

32. Engaging Mechanisms Mechanisms of Injustice Justice in Planning Outcomes Political Economy of Urban Poverty Participation and Coalitions Technocractic Governance Priority Setting and Framing Thick Injustice Distribution of Benefits Institutional Capacities

33. Engaging Mechanisms Mechanisms of Injustice Justice in Planning Outcomes Political Economy of Urban Poverty Participation and Coalitions Technocractic Governance Priority Setting and Framing Thick Injustice Distribution of Benefits Institutional Capacities

34. Institutions and Justice

35. Institutions and Justice Research Design: Evaluate climate planning in Delhi and Mexico City

36. Institutions and Justice

37. Institutions and Justice

38. Institutions and Justice 2. Evaluate whether and how these communities are included in participation and coalition building, priority setting and framing, and the distribution of benefits 3. Why were communities included or not? 1. Identify the affected and disadvantaged populations in each city Secondary Data Climate Plans and Interviews Interviews

39. Institutions and Justice • Improved understanding: • Theory: mechanisms of injustice and the intervening effect of institutions • Obstacles and opportunities for greater justice in top down and bottom up systems of urban climate planning • Relationship between where and how (climate) planning occurs and the benefits that are experienced.

40. Thank You Thank You