Claire Newman, Yuan Lian and Mark Richardson

1. Superrotation Mechanisms and Seasonal Changes on Titan in the Ashima Research Titan General Circulation Models Claire Newman, Yuan Lian and Mark Richardson Work funded through the OPR program, and simulations performed on the NASA Ames High End Computing cluster

2. Goals of this work • To reproduce key aspects of Titan’s circulation in a 3-dimensional general circulation model (GCM) • To form a robust understanding of the dynamical mechanisms responsible • To produce robust predictions of seasonal changes in Titan’s circulation

3. Comparing the TitanWRF GCM with observations In previous work, we simulated strong, realistic stratospheric superrotation and seasonal change similar to that observed -- Zonal winds in northern summer Zonal winds in southern summer Pressure (mbar)

4. 1e-3 1e-2 1e-1 1e0 1e1 1e2 1e3 TitanWRF predictions for same times Pressure (mbar) -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 Latitude (deg N) Zonal winds from CIRS in 2005 (Ls~293-323°) 1e-3 1e-2 1e-1 1e0 1e1 1e2 1e3 Pressure (mbar) -60 -30 0 30 60 Latitude (deg N) Zonal winds from CIRS in 2011 (Ls~20-26°) [from Achterberg et al.] -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 Latitude (deg N)

5. Discrepancies between TitanWRF and observations Zonal wind peaks at a lower altitude than observed (likely due to the ‘low’ model top and/or the lack of active haze advection) TitanWRF zonal winds for same period CIRS zonal winds for Ls~293-323° Pressure (mbar) Also, no lower stratosphere zonal wind minimum as seen by Huygens and also Cassini (Flasar, 2012)

6. Stratospheric superrotation in TitanWRF We find superrotation is produced by episodic ‘transfer events’ Equatorial dM/dt (22.5°S to 22.5°N) d(angular momentum)/dt in kg m2/s2 Northern dM/dt (Pole to 22.5°N) Southern dM/dt (Pole to 22.5°S) Planetocentric solar longitude (in ° Ls) Rate of change of angular momentum in 3 regions over a Titan year

7. Stratospheric superrotation in TitanWRF Angular momentum ‘transfer events’ between northern/southern hemisphere and equatorial region, in northern/southern late fall-spring Planetocentric solar longitude (in ° Ls)

8. Momentum transport during a ‘transfer event’ Unstable region develops on low-latitude flank of ~winter zonal jet Waves carry westward angular momentum -> jet => accelerate low latitudes Waves break depositing westward angular momentum => decelerate high latitudes In TitanWRF we found too much atmospheric mixing disrupts these delicate wave processes, leading to weak stratospheric circulations

9. Questions we wanted to answer • Question 1: Does another GCM using identical radiative forcing produce a similar circulation? • This is actually a well-known problem in Titan modeling • Question 2: Do we see episodic ‘transfer events’ in a different Titan GCM? • How robust is our proposed superrotation mechanism? • Question 3: How delicate are the wave interactions involved in driving Titan’s equatorial superrotation? • Was the need to minimize mixing limited to TitanWRF?

10. We examined two GCMs and four ‘set-up’s: • TitanWRF[Newmanet al., Icarus, 2011] • Lat-lon grid, finite-difference solver • TitanWRFwith a ‘rotated pole’ • Numerical pole and ‘polar’ filtering now at the equator Filtering to avoid instabilities where grid spacing is small Grid rotated through 90°

11. We examined two GCMs and four ‘set-up’s: • Titan MITgcm[Mars version described in Lian et al., Icarus, 2012] • Lat-lon grid, finite-volume solver • Titan MITgcm using ‘cubed-sphere’ grid • No singularities at poles • ‘Special points’ at cube corners

12. Which produced realistic superrotation? • TitanWRF with a standard lat-lon grid • Titan MITgcm with a standard lat-lon grid Which had problems? 2. TitanWRF with rotated pole 4. MITgcm with cubed-sphere grid

13. What do the problem set-ups have in common? Titan MITgcm with cubed-sphere grid TitanWRF with rotated pole Has filtered regions at both numerical poles Has 6 special ‘corner’ points In both cases, we’re ‘messing with’ the low- to mid-latitudes where the waves are produced that are crucial to driving superrotation

14. Superrotation index for the MITgcm lat-lon grid Superrotation index = mass-weighted angular momentum of layer that of same layer at rest wrt the solid surface

15. Superrotation index for the MIT cubed-spheregrid Far weaker superrotation is achieved with the cubed-sphere grid

16. Questions we wanted to answer • Question 3: How delicate are the wave interactions involved in driving Titan’s equatorial superrotation? • Was the need to minimize mixing limited to TitanWRF? • Answer from this work: The dynamics of the low- to mid-latitudes should be treated very carefully to avoid disrupting vital wave-mean flow interactions • This does not seem to be limited to TitanWRF

17. TitanWRF dM/dt in kg m2/s2 Another year of TitanWRF dM/dt in kg m2/s2 Planetocentric solar longitude (in ° Ls)

18. TitanWRF dM/dt in kg m2/s2 Titan MITgcm dM/dt in kg m2/s2 Planetocentric solar longitude (in ° Ls)

19. Questions we wanted to answer • Question 2: Do we see episodic ‘transfer events’ in a different Titan GCM? • How robust is our proposed superrotation mechanism? • Answer from this work: Momentum transport in the Titan MITgcm is remarkably close to that in TitanWRF despite big differences in dynamical core / numerics • The mechanism appears to be quite robust

20. The circulation in TitanWRF and the MITgcm Comparing winds at Ls = 270°: TitanWRF has larger peak wind speeds, but Titan MITgcm simulates a strong zonal wind minimum Titan MITgcm TitanWRF Pressure (mbar)

21. The circulation in TitanWRF and the MITgcm Comparing temperatures at Ls = 270°: largely look very similar, but slight variations can have a big impact on dynamics Titan MITgcm TitanWRF Pressure (mbar)

22. Questions we wanted to answer • Question 1: Does another GCM using identical radiative forcing produce a similar circulation? • This is actually a well-known problem in Titan modeling • Answer: Many similarities, but differences in detail: e.g. superrotation strength; sharper vertical gradients • Much more to investigate here!

23. Conclusions • At Ashima we now have two superrotating Titan GCMs with similarly realistic circulations: TitanWRF and Titan MITgcm • Our proposed mechanism for the production of equatorial stratospheric superrotation in TitanWRF – via ‘episodic transfer events’ – is supported by Titan MITgcm results • As found before, GCM set-ups that disrupt the low- to mid-latitudes (e.g. too much diffusion, filtering, etc.) disrupt the delicate wave momentum transports responsible • Titan MITgcm also captures far more of the observed zonal wind minimum above the tropopause than TitanWRF • Could be due to improved accuracy of temperature advection • However, tropospheric wind speeds in Titan MITgcm are too small

24. Tropospheric methane ice cloud predicted by TitanWRF More future work: study the CH4 cycle in the MITgcm!