WedNesday April 8 th 2014

1. WedNesday April 8th 2014 • QU: What does it mean to recombine? **Chapter 13 Test April 17th 2014** • OBJ: Bio-Technology “The life of an eyelash is about 5 months.”

2. DNA TECHNOLOGY:Biotechnology Recombinant DNA Process

3. Recombinant DNA • Some of the most important techniques used in biotechnology involve making recombinant DNA molecules

4. Recombinant DNA • Recombinant DNA molecules are pieces of DNA that have been combined from pieces taken from more than one source of DNA • Often one of the sources is a Plasmid, the other is contains a gene we want

5. Plasmids • Small circular DNA molecules that can be in cells. • Often contain genes for resistance to antibiotics. • They are also used for human benefit.

6. Restriction Enzymes • Possible because of special enzymes that cut DNA: called RESTRICTION ENZYMES

7. DNA Scissors: Intro to Restriction Enzymes • Restriction enzymes recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cut the DNA at or near this site.

8. Restriction Sites • These recognition cleave sites are called restriction sites. • Each different restriction enzyme has its own type of site.

9. Restriction enzymes • Can distinguish between the DNA normally present in the cell and foreign DNA, such as infecting bacteria virus DNA • The enzymes defend the cell from invasion by cutting the foreign DNA into pieces so it doesn’t work.

10. Restriction Enzymes • Restriction enzymes appear to be made exclusively by prokaryotes. (bacteria) • So bacteria is vital to DNA Technology because it makes the restriction enzymes.

11. Thursday April 10th 2014 • QU: What are restriction enzymes? • OBJ: Restriction Enzyme Lab, Notes “Rats can swim for half a mile (0.8 km) without rest, and can tread water for three straight days.” **Chapter 13 Test April 17th 2014**

13. Recombinant DNA • Identify the desired gene • Cut the gene out of the DNA Strand with restriction enzymes • Cut the plasmid with the same restriction enzymes and added the desired gene to the plasmid by matching the sticky ends • Place plasmid in the bacteria • Allow the bacteria to replicate and clone the gene • This replicates the desired gene • Protein synthesis creates the desired protein

15. Genetic Modification • Genetically Modified Organism (GMOs) • Any organism that has acquired genes by artificial means. • Replaces traditional plant breeding • The goal is to make it bigger, better, more desirable organisms

16. How GMOs are created? • Animals • Injecting a gene into a fertilized egg and then returning that egg to a uterus where it can develop • Plants • Introducing recombinant plasmid into a plant cell and letting it grow into a plant.

17. Friday April 11th 2014 • QU: Describe Recombinant DNA? Journal Due Today Chapter 13 Test April 17th • OBJ: Recombinant DNA Lab “The Giant Burrowing Frog doesn't croak. It hoots like an owl.”

18. Monday April 14th 2014 • QU: Why is it important to be able to replicate our plasmid? *Chapter 13 Test April 17th* • OBJ: DNA Fingerprinting Notes and Activity “The world's smallest rodent is Pygmy Jerboa - measuring only a couple of inches in length - and can run as fast as a horse.”

20. DNA Fingerprinting • How is DNA Fingerprinting done? • Scientists use the variable regions in our DNA to generate a DNA profile of an individual, using samples from blood, bone, hair, and other body tissues and products.

22. In criminal cases, this generally involves obtaining samples from crime-scene evidence and a suspect, extracting the DNA, and analyzing it for the presence of a set of specific DNA regions (markers). • Forensic scientists compare these DNA profiles to determine whether the suspect's sample matches the evidence sample.

23. To get the DNA fingerprint: • All of the DNA is broken into pieces at certain locations. • Done by restriction enzymes • The DNA pieces are placed at the top of a special gel held in a frame. • An electric current is applied to the gel. The current separates the DNA into bands of identical pieces. This process is called electrophoresis. • This electric current pulls the negatively charged DNA to the positive end of the gel.

24. Last Notes on DNA Fingerprinting • DNA Fingerprinting moves DNA by applying an electric current during electrophoresis. • This electric current pulls the negatively charged DNA to the positive end of the gel.

25. DNA Fingerprinting • The band pattern is transferred to a nylon membrane containing a radioactive chemical. The chemical makes the bands show up clearly.

26. Why It Is Done DNA fingerprinting is done to: • Determinewho a person's parents or siblings are. • This test also may be used to identify the parents of babies who were switched at birth. • Solve crimes (forensic science). • Blood, skin, or other tissue left at the scene of a crime can be analyzed to help prove whether the suspect was or was not present at the crime scene. • Identify a body. • This is useful if the body is badly decomposed or if only body parts are available, such as following a natural disaster or battle.

28. WedNesday April 16th 2014 • QU: Describe how DNA fingerprinting works. *Chapter 13 Test Tomorrow* Chapter 13 Review Due tomorrow • OBJ: DNA Fingerprinting, Review for Ch 13 Test “The normal energy used by our brain is 0.1 calories per minute, and could go up to 1.5 during activities such as puzzle-solving.”

29. Thursday April 17th 2014 • QU: How did you study for this test? *Turn your chapter review into the HW bin* • OBJ: DNA Technology Test, Organize Binder “The normal energy used by our brain is 0.1 calories per minute, and could go up to 1.5 during activities such as puzzle-solving.”

30. Binder Organization: Ch 13 • DNA Technology Hand Written Notes • Restriction Enzyme Lab • Recombinant DNA Lab • Sub work (Book Work) • Quiz #1 DNA Technology • DNA Fingerprinting worksheet • DNA Technology • Chapter 13 Review