Enhanced Operations

1. Enhanced Operations

2. Overview • Terrorist activities • WMD that terrorists could use • Situational Awareness

3. Objective • Upon completion of this module, students will be able to describe the US&R operational WMD environment

6. IRS West LA

7. COLUMBINE HIGH SCHOOL

8. Oklahoma

9. Anarchists Militia Movement Leaderless Resistance Right-Wing Racist Skinheads Aryan Movement Environmental Nationalist

10. Marine Corps Barracks, BeirutOct. 23, 1983

11. Psychological Effects

12. Casualty-Producing Abilities Selective

13. Terrorism Is and always has been . . . a form of warfare.

14. Terrorism Both the target and the type of weapon used are chosen for a purpose.

15. Achieving victory in every battle is not absolute perfection; neutralizing an adversary’s force without battle is absolute perfection. --Sun Tzu, The Art of War

17. Terrorism - Probability versus Impact Impact Probability

18. Threat Levels

19. TF Members Actions (RAIN) • Recognize • Signs • Symptoms • Indicators • Avoid • Isolate • Notify

20. Emergency Considerations Thermal Radiological Asphyxiation Chemical Etiological Mechanical Psychological Distance Time Shielding

21. Biological Attack • General information • Protecting yourself against biological agents • Meteorological considerations • Equipment

22. Disseminating Biological Agents • Ingestion • Dermal exposure • Vectors • Aerosol

23. Agent Persistency Dissemination Transmission (person to person) Incubation Lethality Anthrax Spores remain viable in soil for years Spores in aerosol No (except cutaneous) 1-5 days High Cholera Unstable in aerosols and water Ingestion and aerosol Rare 12 hours to 6 days Low with treatment Plague 1 year in soil; 270 days in bodies Aerosol High 1-3 days High if untreated Tularemia Months in moist soil Aerosol No 1-10 days Moderate if untreated Q Fever Months Ingestion and aerosol Rare 14-16 days Very low Reference Chart (Appendix C-9)

24. Agent Persistency Dissemination Transmission (person to person) Incubation Lethality Smallpox Very stable Aerosol High 10-12 days Low VEE Unstable Aerosol and infected vectors Low 1-6 days Low Ebola Unstable Contact and aerosol Moderate 4-16 days Moderate to high Reference Chart (Appendix C-9)

25. Agent Persistency Dissemination Transmission (person to person) Incubation Lethality Botulinum Toxin Weeks Ingestion and aerosol No Hours to days High T-2 Mycotoxins Years Ingestion and aerosol No 2-4 hours Moderate Ricin Stable Ingestion and aerosol No Hours to days High Staphylococal Enterotoxin B Resistant to freezing Ingestion and aerosol No Hours <1% Reference Chart (Appendix C-9)

26. Nuclear/Radiological Incident General Information • Radiation can be detected with meters • Unlikely to find high levels distant from the source • Not necessary to isolate large areas • Victims should not be sick or symptomatic on the scene • Exposure does not require immediate gross decontamination

27. Nuclear/Radiological Incident • Time, distance, and shielding are appropriate self-protective measures • Equipment Pancake Detector Canberra UltraRadiac Radiation Monitor Canberra Inspector 1000 RadWatch Dosimeter Ludlum Response Kit

28. Incendiary Attack • Incendiary use • Reasons • Recent events

29. Chemical Agents • General information • Categories of chemical agents • Evaluating signs/indicators • Influencing factors

30. Categories of Chemical Agents Categories • Nerve agents • Blister agents • Choking agents • Blood agents • Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICs) • Irritants

31. Nerve Agent Signs and Symptoms • Headache • Runny nose • Salivation • Pinpointing of pupils • Difficulty in breathing • Tight chest • Seizures/convulsions

32. Blister Agents Signs and Symptoms • Red burning skin and blisters • Sore throat and dry cough • Pulmonary edema • Memory loss • Coma and seizures • Some symptoms may be delayed from 2 - 24 hours

33. Choking Agents Signs and Symptoms • Eye and airway irritation • Dizziness • Tightness in chest • Pulmonary edema • Painful cough • Nausea • Headache

34. Blood Agents Signs and Symptoms • Cherry red skin/lips • Rapid breathing and dizziness • Nausea, excessive salivation, and vomiting • Convulsions • Dilated pupils • Gastrointestinal hemorrhage • Pulmonary edema • Respiratory arrest

35. Chemical Agents • Influencing factors

36. Chemical Detection and Monitoring • Multiple devices check various agents • Various requirements M256A1 Kit Draeger CDS LCD 3.3

37. Chemical Detection and Monitoring MultiRae Pro AreaRAE Gamma Steel RDK Host Controller RAELink 2 RAELink 3

38. Explosives • High-intensity blast • Secondary hazards • Potential threats of additional devices • Conditions likely to effect ops

39. Why Target US&R Personnel? • Search and Rescue essential service • Cause overwhelming fear in the public • Delay search and rescue efforts • Instill fear in other responders

40. Summary • Terrorists willing to inflict harm • Signs and symptoms • US&R no longer exempt as targets • B-NICE signs and symptoms • Situational awareness - Recognition means survival

41. Recognition and Survival for Responses to Terrorism Module 2 Activity

42. Activity 2 Weather Conditions • It is Monday, 0945 hours. • The sky is about 75% covered with clouds. • The wind is 4 mph, out of the south. • Humidity is 64%; temperature 74F; dew point is 68F; inversion at 150 ft.