Native American Life

1. Native American Life Larissa Cowan

2. Georgia Performance Standards Grade Four Social Studies • SS4H1- The student will describe how early Native American cultures developed in North America. a. Locate where the American Indians settled with emphasis on Arctic (Inuit), Northwest (Kwakiutl), Plateau (Nez Perce), Southwest (Hopi), Plains (Pawnee), and Southeastern (Seminole). b. Describe how the American Indians used their environment to obtain food, clothing, and shelter. • SS4G2 The student will describe how physical systems affect human systems. a. Explain why each of the native American groups (SS4H1a) occupied the areas they did, with emphasis on why some developed permanent villages and others did not.

3. MAP OF NATIVE AMERICAN LOCATIONS Inuits (in-oo-it) Kwakiutl Kwah-kee-oo-tel Nez Perce (nĕz' pûrs‘) Hopi (hoh-pee) Seminole (sĕm'ə-nōl')

4. The Inuits LOCATION • Artic • The Inuit people live on the coast of Alaska and northern Canada. • It is believed that the Inuit peoples migrated from northern Asia or Russia over the Bering land bridge.

5. FOOD • The Inuit are hunters. • They use what they catch for food, heat, transportation, clothing, tools, and shelter. • Because the Inuit live so close to the ocean they fish, and hunt both sea mammals and land mammals. • Commonly hunted are whales, seals, caribou, walruses, and musk oxen. • They also add seaweed to their diets as it is some of the only vegetation available. WALRUS MUST OXEN RING SEAL

6. HOUSING • The word “igloo” in the inuit language means house, not just the snow block house that we think of. • Alaskan Inuits did not use snow block houses, but lived in driftwood cabins covered with dirt.

7. Transportation DOGSLED • The Inuit used qajait or kayaks made of animal skins, and wood or bones. They used these small one person boats mostly for hunting. • For transporting large amounts of food, people, or dogs they used boats called umiaks. These were also covered with skins and were 35 to 40 feet long. • For travel on land they used komatiks or dogsleds. Pulled by about 6 huskies these sleds were lightweight and quick. UMIAK KAYAK

8. Kwakiutl Location • Northwest • The Kwakiutl Indians are original people of the Pacific Northwest Coast. They live in present day British Columbia, Canada. • They would travel through the territory in the summer and had more permanent housing in the winter.

9. Food • Living close to the coast, the Kwakiutl were a fishing community. Salmon was the staple food. • They also ate a variety of fish and other sea foods, (porposes, seals, sea lions, sea otters, whales, and sea fowl). • The men did short range hunting on land with bow and arrow. They brought in bear, wolves, deer, and smaller game. • Women collected clams, muscles, oysters, crabs, sea urchins, and even eggs from sea gulls. Pacific Salmon

10. Housing • Summer villages were built near prime fishing spots. This was both along the coast and up river. It was composed of small wooden cabins for temporary use. They were rectangular with long, sloping, or flat roof. • Winter villages were built in sheltered locations that offered protection from high winter tides and fierce storms from the Pacific Ocean. • These villages consisted of large houses, sometimes elevated on stilts to escape tides. But all homes had doorways facing the beach and ocean. Most houses were decorated with brightly colored murals. Plank House Mural

11. Art • The Kwakiutl made jewelry from fount objects, furs, and shells. Nearly everyone wore ear pendants, or ear ring and nose rings made of sea shells. Some married women wore a lip plug, called a labret. • They are know for their elaborate cedar dance masks. The most impressive of these could be opened at a pivotal point in the story to reveal a second face carved within the first one. • The totem pole is a record of family history and was displayed in front of homes. Dance Mask Totem Pole

12. Nez Perce Location • Plateau • The Nez Perce Indians lived in villages mostly in Idaho but spanned to Oregon and Washington. • They migrated with the seasons, to follow different food supplies. • They moved about four times per year, but they are not considered nomadic because they had specific places that they moved to each time.

13. Food • Spring: the women went to lower lands to gather roots like wild carrots and potatoes, and the men moved to the river and fished for salmon • Summer: the whole tribe would move to higher mountainous areas for more root gathering and salmon fishing, along with berry picking, and hunting big game such as elk • Fall: the tribes moved back to their traditional villages and began saving foods and preparing for winter. They continued to hunt fish and gather • Winter: they ate what they had stored away and would send small groups of hunters for deer and elk

14. Housing • Since the Nez Perce moved several times in a year they lived in houses they could be easily moved such as tipis and other structures covered in mats that could serve as meeting halls. TIPI ELONGATED TIPI

15. Clothing • The Nez Perce’s clothing was made of animal skins. • Clothing items included moccasins, leggings, and buckskin shirts. All of these were decorated with beads, shells, and embroidery. Chief Joseph Two Nez Perce Men

16. Hopi Location • Southwest • The Hopi Indians live in Arizona in complex villages built on top of mesas (flat topped elevations) Arizona Mesa village

17. Food • The Hopi people hunted buffalo, using the skins for clothing and shelter, the bones for tools and structures, and the meat for nourishment. • They were also farmers. The primary crop was maize. It was used in almost every part of daily life. They also grew beans, pumpkin, and fruits. Buffalo Maize

18. Housing • The Hopi lived in houses called pueblos, built on mesas. • The homes were made of stone, dirt, and wood. • These pueblos were usually two stories, with a fire pit in the middle of the first story floor, and a ladder to serve as stairs. Pueblos

19. Pottery and Textiles • The Hopi Indians are very well known for their ceramic and woven art including textiles and baskets • All of the materials they use are found in nature • They would find and dig up different colors of dirt to make clay for pots • The fibers used to make tapestries and baskets were colored with dyes made from plants, minerals, and insects.

20. Seminole Location • Southeastern • The Seminole Indians live in Florida • The tribe began when two groups of Indians banded together in the 1700’s

21. Housing • The Seminal Indians lived in wooden structures called Chickees. • A Chickee consists of a thatched roof sitting on wooden posts. • More elaborate Chickees would have a raised floor to sleep on.

22. Food • The Seminoles were farmers. Each family tended their own garden. Primary foods grown were corn, squash, sweet potatoes, and melons. • They were also hunters and gatherers. The males hunted birds, fish, and deer. The women gathered berries, nuts, seeds, and fruits including bananas and coconuts. • The palmetto palm tree was very useful to the tribe. The Seminoles used every part of the palm for food, including leaves, berries, and roots.

23. Clothing • Seminole clothing was made from animal skins and hand woven fabrics. • It was decorated with bright colored pieces of cloth as an imitation of the clothing worn by the Spanish settlers.

24. REFERENCES (2002). Kwakiutl. Retrieved from http://www.angelfire. com/hi4/Magik8Ball/Kwak.html (2009). Kwakiutl Indian Fact Sheet. Native Languages of the Americas    Website , , . Retrieved from http://www.bigorrin.org/kwakiutl_k    ids.htm Comer, D (2002, November, 26). Nez Perce Indian History. Rootsweb, Retrieved October 3, 2008, from http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~idreserv/nphist.html Cox, K (2006). Grade Four. Georgia Department of Education, Retrieved October 10, 2008, from http://www.georgiastandards.org/socialstudies.aspx

25. More References Eck, P (1998, April, 22). Hopi Indians. The study of native americans, Retrieved October 15, 2008, from http://inkido.indiana.edu/w310work/romac/native.htm Gardiner, L (2007, June, 5). Inuit culture, traditions, and history. Windows to the universe, Retrieved October 7, 2008, from http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/polar/inuit_culture.html Lorentz, M (2009). Kwakwaka'wakw ( Kwakiutl ). Minnesota State    University. Retrieved from http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cult    ural/northamerica/kwakiutl.html Wilkinson, J History of the Seminoles. Keys historium, Retrieved October 4, 2008, from http://www.keyshistory.org/seminolespage1.html