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Native American Life. The Conflict between Native Americans and the White Man. Indian Removal Act. Part of a U.S. government policy known as Indian removal Signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830. To gain access to lands inhabited by the "Five Civilized Tribes".
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Native American Life The Conflict between Native Americans and the White Man
Indian Removal Act • Part of a U.S. government policy known as Indian removal • Signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830. • To gain access to lands inhabited by the "Five Civilized Tribes". • While Indian removal was, in theory, supposed to be voluntary, in practice great pressure was put on American Indian leaders to sign removal treaties • Most white Americans favored the passage of the Indian Removal Act. • Opposed by Davy Crockett • The Removal Act paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West. • The Treaty of New Echota (signed in 1835) resulted in the removal of the Cherokee on the Trail of Tears.
Bureau of Indian Affairs • Created (1824) in the U.S. War Dept. and transferred (1849) to the U.S. Dept. of the Interior. • Had jurisdiction over • Trade with Native Americans • Their removal to the West • Their protection from exploitation • Their concentration on reservations. • The Bureau of Indian Affairs instead evolved primarily into a land-administering agency, a process speeded up by the Dawes Act of 1887. • The bureau also promotes agricultural and economic development, provides a health program, social services, Native American schools, and reclamation projects for Alaska Natives and Native Americans in the United States.
Dawes Act • Authorized the President of the United States to have Native American tribal lands surveyed and divided into allotments for individual Native American families. • Named after its sponsor, U.S. Senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts. • Divided all reservations into 40- to 160- acre plots for individual Indians to farm. • Extra land was to be sold to settlers. But in fact, little of the land had enough water for farming.
Little Big Horn • The Battle of the Little Bighorn—also known as Custer's Last Stand • The Sioux received lands in the Black Hills of South Dakota. • Settlers discovered gold on their lands in the Black Hills, and miners swarmed on the reservation. • The government reduced the size of most reservations and moved the Native Americans to less desirable lands. • The Sioux decided they should not have to honor government policy when the whites did not honor their own policies.
Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse • Led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, the Sioux left their reservation. • Near the Little Big Horn River, the Sioux and Cheyenne joined forces to fight the Americans. • An armed engagement between a Lakota-Northern Cheyenne combined force and the 7th Cavalry of the United States Army. • The battle was the most famous action of the Indian Wars, and was a remarkable victory for the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne. • A sizeable force of U.S. cavalry commanded by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer was defeated. • Custer himself was killed in the engagement
Sitting Bull • “If we must die, we die defending our rights.” • Sitting Bull
The Battle at Wounded Knee • The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek • The last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States • On December 29, 1890, 500 troops of the U.S. 7th Cavalry had orders to escort the Native Americans to the railroad for transport to Omaha, Nebraska. • The United States soldiers tried to disarm a large band of Plains Native Americans gathered at Wounded Knee in South Dakota. • The result was a massacre in which more than 200 Native Americans and 25 soldiers lost their lives. • Wounded knee marked the end of armed conflict between the United States government and Native Americans.
