Essential Question : What was life like in the antebellum South? Warm-Up Question:

1. Essential Question: • What was life like in the antebellum South? • Warm-Up Question: • Rank order the success of these American presidents: Jefferson, Madison, & Monroe • Provide evidence for each

2. The Southern Antebellum Economy: King Cotton & Slavery Ante means “before” Bellum means “the war”

3. The Rise of “King Cotton” Southern cotton fueled both the English & American Industrial Revolutions • “King Cotton” was the dynamic force driving the American economy from 1790-1840: • The South provided ¾ of world’s cotton • Southern cotton stimulated the growth of Northern textile industry, shipping, & marketing • Slave population grew 300%

4. The Value of Cotton Exports as a Percentage of All U.S. Exports South believed that since England was so dependent that if war broke out, England would support the South that it so heavily depended upon. 75% of Britain’s cotton came from the South

5. The Rise of “King Cotton” • The introduction of short-staple cotton strengthened the economy • Cotton could now be grown anywhere in the South • The cotton gin (1793) made seed extraction easy • The potential for profits led to a cotton boom & the expansion of slavery in the South, especially into the Gulf States “Southern way of life” White Southerners perceived their economic interests to be tied to slavery

6. Slaves Using the Cotton Gin

7. Southern Agriculture Cotton expansion led to “Alabama Fever” from 1816 to 1820 Southern expansion boomed again from 1832 to 1838 into Mississippi, Louisiana, & Arkansas …and again in the mid-1850s into Texas

8. Slave Concentration, 1820 Slave Concentration by 1860 The “Black Belt”

9. The Internal Slave Trade • The Upper South grew tobacco & was less dependent on cotton & slave labor • As slave prices rose, Upper South developed an internal slave trade to provide “surplus” slaves to the Lower South • Virginia, Maryland, & Kentucky began to take on characteristics of the industrializing North & became divided in their support of slavery

10. Slavery in a Changing World The South lagged by choice because these were risky investments, but cotton was safe • Antebellum regional differences: • By 1820, all Northern states abolished slavery • The South lagged behind the North in cities, industry, & railroads • Southern population grew slower than in the North & West Southern politicians feared being permanently outvoted in Congress By 1860, only 35% of railroads were in the South By 1860, only 15% of U.S. factories were in the South

11. Economic Structure of South • Monopolistic: land runs out, smaller farmers sell land to large estate owners – big get bigger • Financial instability: overspeculation and purchase of slaves (risky investment)  debt • One crop economy  NO diversification • South repelled immigrants, who went North and made it richer

12. Antebellum Southern Society:Whites

13. The Divided Society of the Old South • American slavery was deeply rooted in the Southern economy; but slavery divided the South: • By “caste”—black or white • By “class”—ownership of slaves • By region—slavery was more deeply entrenched along the “Black Belt” from GA to TX

14. Southern Society in 1850 “Slave-ocracy”(plantation owners) 6,000,000 The “Plain Folk”(small slave-owners & yeoman farmers) 250,000 Black Freemen 3,200,000 Black Slaves U.S. population in 1850 was 23,000,0009,500,000 lived in the South (40%)

15. Southern White Class Structure, 1860 By 1860, 3/4th of all southern whites had no slaves at all.

16. White Society in South Favorite author Sir Walter Scott wrote Ivanhoe and reinforced ideas of feudalism • Only a small percentage of whites owned large plantations: • Less than 1% of the white population owned 50+ slaves • Majority of South’s wealth • Widened gap between rich & poor • Keen sense to serve public  Statesmen • Most whites were yeomen farmers who supported slavery because they hired slaves or felt reassured that there was a lower class than them

17. Small Slaveholders • Only about 25% of the Southern white population owned slaves • 88% of slave owners had fewer than 20 slaves (most 1-2 slaves) • But slave conditions were worse because slaves shared their master's poverty • Most slaves would have preferred the economic stability & kinship of the plantation

18. If these were the living conditions for slaves on a plantation, what were conditions like on small farms?

19. Yeomen Farmers Called “poor white trash,” “hillbillies” & “clay eaters” • About 75% of Southern whites were small, yeoman farmers who did not own slaves: • Most yeomen resented the aristocratic planters but hoped to become wealthy planters • Many saw slavery as a way of keeping blacks “in their place” • Many saw abolition as a threat to their Southern way of life

20. Appalachia or Mountain Whites • Lived in isolated regions of wilderness • Little in common with whites in flatlands • Hated white aristocrats • Crippled the Confederacy in War; many aligned with Lincoln & Republicans

21. Antebellum Southern Society:Slaves

22. The World of Southern Blacks 2.4% of slaves worked on large plantations with 200+ slaves • While very few whites were plantation owners, most slaves lived on plantations: • 90% of slaves lived on farms in which owner had 20+ slaves • 15% of slaves served as “house slaves” (domestic servants) • 10% of slaves worked in industry, lumbering, construction

23. Distribution of Slave Labor, 1850

24. 50% of all slaves lived in the Black Belt (“Cotton Belt”)

25. Slaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi Plantation “Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”William Henry Brown, 1842

26. Slaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling House, 1823 Some slaves could hire out their overtime hours for pay (“Underground Economy”)

27. Slave Families & Community More common in Upper South on smaller plantations. • Normal family life was difficult: • Families were vulnerable to breakup by their masters • On large plantations, slaves were able to retain their African cultures & were mostly part of two-parent families • But on smaller farms, extended families provided support or “adoption” of unrelated slaves

28. A Slave Family

29. African American Religion • Black Christianity was the center of African-American culture • Richard Allen created African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church but was largely composed of free & urban African-Americans • On plantations, whites supervised religious messages, but the “real” slave religion was practiced at night in secret; preached about the inevitable day of liberation

30. Supervised Plantation Religion

31. Life • Life varied from place to place • Hard work, no rights, no protection, and whippings • Not all whippings were severely brutal (obviously this is relative) because masters wanted to protect “investments” • Treated better than the Irish wage workers given less dangerous jobs • Internal slave trade  slave auctions • Horrendous experience captured in Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriett Beecher Stowe

32. Free Blacks in the Old/Upper South In Deep South, mulattos often freed after their master/father died • 1860: approximately 250,000 free blacks in the South • Descended from Revolutionary ideals or purchased their freedom from after hours work • Southern free blacks were severely restricted: • Had to register with the state & carry “freedom” papers • Were excluded from certain jobs • Subjected to re-enslavement & fraudulent “recapture” • By 1860 some states proposed laws to force free blacks to leave the state or be enslaved

33. Free Blacks in the North • Free blacks unpopular • Several states denied entrance, suffrage, &/or public education • Irish hated free blacks because of job competition • Anti-black feeling was stronger in the North—people liked the race, not the individual as opposed to the South where they liked the individual and not the race

34. Defending Slavery?

35. Defending Slavery In 1836, Southern House members passed a gag resolution requiring all antislavery appeals to be tabled without debate. • Southern planters feared revolts & the growth of abolitionism & used a new defense slavery: • It was sanctioned in the Bible • Constitution did not prohibit it • Slavery was a “natural” way of life for “inferior” Africans • Slavery was more humane than Northern industrial exploitation • Many Northern free blacks were persecuted, as least the Southern slaves were treated well Like a family relationship

36. Pro-Slavery Propaganda

37. Defending Slavery • Proslavery Southerners protected South against anti-slavery ideas: • Feared abolitionist propaganda would inspire slave rebellions or inspire the yeoman to support abolition • Increased restrictions on blacks by making it illegal to teach slaves to read & write • Banned church services & meetings without supervision

38. Slavery in the North:Early Emancipation Movements In 1787, the Articles of Confederation outlawed slavery in the northwest By 1804, nine states emancipated slaves or adopted gradual emancipation plans Before the American Revolution, slaves were present in each of the 13 American colonies In 1817, a group of ministers & politicians formed the American Colonization Society to resettle free blacks in West Africa In 1808, the USA & Britain in outlawed the African slave trade

39. Anti-Slave Arguments Leg Irons Slave ID Tag Slave muzzle

40. Abolitionism • Moderate anti-slavery supporters backed emigration to Liberia to avoid a race war when slaves were gradually emancipated • But radical abolitionists, led by William Lloyd Garrison, called for immediate slave emancipation via his American Anti-Slave Society & The Liberatornewsletter

41. William Lloyd Garrison • Garrison became the most popular abolitionist in the North

42. Abolitionism • Former slaves, like Frederick Douglass & Sojourner Truth, became important abolitionists: • They were able to relate the realities of slavery through Freedom’s Journal& North Star • Blacks were the leaders in the Underground Railroad • Blacks formed vigilante groups to protect fugitive slaves in North

43. Frederick Douglass & Sojourner Truth 1845 --> The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass 1847 --> “The North Star” R2-12

44. Abolitionism • Abolitionists most appealed to small town folk in the North • Not all Northerners supported abolition; Opposition came from: • Urban areas & from people who lived near the Mason-Dixon line • Racism, fears of interracial marriage, & fear of economic competition from freed blacks

45. Abolitionism • Radical abolitionists were hurt by in-fighting & many people criticized Garrison for his views: • He elected a woman to the executive committee of his American Anti-Slave Society • Called for Northern succession & boycotts of political elections • Some abolitionists broke off & formed the Liberty Party in 1840

46. Resistance & Rebellion • The most common form of slave rebellion was passive resistance: • Work slowdowns & sabotage • stealing • Poisoning of masters • Running away was common among slaves; Runaway slaves were aided by the Underground Railroad

47. The Underground Railroad

48. Quilt Patterns Showed Secret Messages The Drunkard Path design warned escapees not to follow a straight route The Monkey Wrench pattern told slaves to gather up tools and prepare to flee

49. Resistance and Rebellion At the last minute, the plan failed, Prosser was captured, & no whites died • Between 1800-1831, 3 major slave revolts occurred: • Gabriel Prosser (1800) planned a violent march on Richmond • Denmark Vesey (1822) created an extensive plot to arm & free slaves in SC (no white deaths) • Nat Turner (1831) led a band of slaves from farm to farm & killed 60 whites A change discovery revealed the plot & no whites died

50. Slave Rebellions in the South:Nat Turner, 1831