U nited S tates Enters into World Affairs

1. United States Enters into World Affairs Identify the areas of United States military, economic, and political involvement and influence.

2. The Expansionist Spirit of the US • Markets and Raw Materials • New markets for American goods • Americans needed raw materials from abroad • Sea Power • A. T. Mahan’s Influence of Sea Power Upon History • Modern fleet needed to remain powerful/gain power • Naval bases would be needed in the Caribbean • Canal would be needed in Panama • Pacific Islands for fueling stations • U.S. built naval base at Pearl Harbor

3. Alaska: Seward’s Folly • 1867 Secretary of State William Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia. • $7.2 million • Most people in the U.S. viewed the territory as useless. • Referred Alaska as “Seward’s Folly/Seward’s Icebox” • Alaska was a tundra of snow and ice • Alaska was actually rich in timber, oil, and other natural resources • Purchase expanded America’s reach across the Pacific

4. United States Acquires Hawaii • American interest in Hawaii began because it was a good stopping place on the way to China (East Asia). • Missionaries were also interested in converting the native Hawaiians to Christianity. • American businessmen were interested in the sugar cane plantations.

5. Results of American Interest • Hawaiians lost control of the islands because plantations owners wanted closer ties with the U.S. • Hawaiian-born white businessmen forced King Kalakaua to change the constitution so that only men who owned land or had a certain income could vote. • Therefore, control of the government passed into the hands of businessmen of American descent.

6. American Planters in Hawaii • Faced two crisis: • New tariff law made Hawaiian sugar more expensive than sugar produced in the U.S. Growers feared decrease in sales and profit • King Kalakaua died, his successor was his sister, Queen Liliuokalani-resented the increasing power of white planters-she abolished the constitution that gave political power to the white minority. • With help from U.S. troops, the plantation owners seized the islands and Queen Liliuokalani was deposed. • August 12, 1898- Hawaiian islands became a territory of the U.S. • 1959- became the 50th state

7. Queen Liliuokalani

8. Spanish-American War • The U.S. had been interested in Cuba since the early 1800s. • Cuba fought two wars-in 1868 and again in 1895-for independence from Spain. • The war of 1895 was led by Jose Marti, a journalist, who used guerrilla tactics of hit-and-run raids against Spanish forces. • The Spanish were led by General Valeriano Weyler, who relocated many Cuban people to concentration camps. • Tens of thousands died from disease and starvation. • Newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer played up the conflict to boost the circulation of their newspapers. Both papers emphasized Spanish “atrocities”, calling Weyler “the Butcher.” (Yellow journalism)

9. Direct Causes of the Spanish American War • The Cuban condition (concentration camps set up by Valeriano Weyler) • Yellow journalism (Hearst and Pulitzer) • De Lome Letter (1898): a personal letter written by De Lome, a Spanish Minister, in which he referred to President McKinley as weak. The letter was published in the NY Journal • Jingoism: Sentiment that called for a tougher stance toward Spain and a more aggressive foreign policy • U.S.S. Maine- sent to Havana harbor to protect American citizens in Cuba exploded while anchored in Cuban harbor

10. Cuban Condition, Yellow Journalism, General De Lome, Explosion of the Maine

11. The U.S. Invades Cuba • Navy was poorly trained and supplied • Most officers were Civil War veterans. • Theodore Roosevelt led Rough Riders and 2 African American Regiments charge up Kettle and San Juan Hills. • This became the most famous incident of the was and helped the U.S. achieve victory over Spain • Dec. 1898, U.S. and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris, 1898, which officially ended the war. • War lasted only a few months. • Spanish-American War nicknamed “Splendid Little War” by John Hay.

12. Treaty of Paris, 1898 • Cuba was to become independent. • U.S. gained control over Puerto Rico and Pacific Islands of Guam. • U.S. took over Spain’s role as the ruler of the Philippines. • U.S. promised to pay Spain $20 million for the Philippines.

13. The Teller Amendment • This amendment declared that Cuba was independent from Spain and authorized the U.S. to use military force to secure Cuba from any other country attempting to control Cuba. • This amendment also declared that United States would not annex Cuba territory. • 1900’s Cuba began drafting their own constitution.

14. Platt Amendment • Cuba was not to make treaties threatening its independence. • Cuba was not to permit any foreign power to control any part of its territory. • U.S. had the right to intervene in Cuba’s internal affairs. • Cuba was not to go into debt. • U.S. could buy and lease land on the island for coaling or naval stations. (Guantanamo Bay) • The result was that Cuba became a protectorate of the U.S.

15. Cuba After the War • Cuba becomes a protectorate: a country whose affairs are controlled by a stronger power (United States) • America’s military responsibilities: gave food and clothing; built roads, railroads, dock facilities; helped farmers; reopened University of Havana and organized elementary schools

16. Effects of the Spanish American War • By 1898, the U.S. had the third largest navy in the world – behind only Great Britain and France. • The U.S. obtained naval bases in the Caribbean after the Spanish-American War.

17. Economic Ties • U.S. made large loans to Cuba. • American corporations invested heavily Cuba’s sugar plantations and refineries, public utilities, and railroads. • The bulk of Cuba’s foreign trade was with the United States.

18. Battle for the Philippines • Guerrilla warfare breaks out in the Philippines. • Is a strategy in which a weaker army/force often strikes quickly, inflicting damage, then retreats before its stronger enemy can fully retaliate. • President Taft served as the civilian governor of the Philippines, 1901-1904. • Battle lasted for more than two years • 1916- Jones Act pledged that the U.S. would leave so that the Philippines could become an independent nation. • 1946-Philippines became an independent republic

19. Questions to Consider • Why would a nation founded on democratic principles want to take possession of another country or territory? Get new markets, new sources of raw materials, spread democracy • How might a nation acquire new territory? War, peaceful takeover, treaties, economic pressure

20. EOC Review Questions • Page 129 #1-3 • Restate the question. • #1 MUST be in complete sentences. • Add this assignment to Goal 6 EOC review questions • Will collect all EOC reviews when we complete Goal 6