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The End of European Imperialism

The End of European Imperialism. Thompson Global 10. Post WWII. European countries began to grant independence to their colonies. Why??? What impact did this have on the economies of the former colonies?. India.

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The End of European Imperialism

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  1. The End of European Imperialism Thompson Global 10

  2. Post WWII • European countries began to grant independence to their colonies. • Why??? • What impact did this have on the economies of the former colonies?

  3. India • Indians had wanted independence from Britain since the 1800s (Indian National Congress). • Fought in the British army in WWII. • Expected freedom as a reward for their loyalty. • Britain refused.

  4. Mohandas Gandhi leads his people to freedom with his protests (passive resistance). • In 1947, Britain finally grants independence. • Nehru becomes India’s first Prime Minister. • Why not Gandhi?

  5. India and the Cold War • Nehru decides not to “align” with either the Soviet Union or the United States. • Why was this a good move for India?

  6. Problem in India • Hindus (such as Gandhi) were the majority and Muslims the minority. • The Muslim League wanted a separate Muslim state. • In 1947, the British partitioned India.

  7. India was divided into 2 parts: • India (Hindu) • Pakistan (Muslim) • West Pakistan • East Pakistan (Bangladesh)

  8. Problems with the division • What was the major problem? • Muslims fled India for Pakistan and Hindus fled Pakistan for India. • Millions were killed crossing the borders. • Gandhi calls for peace but is assassinated by a Hindu extremist.

  9. India and Pakistan today • Both see each other as a major threat and their worst enemy. • Border disputes continue. • Both have nuclear weapons. • The US was a big supporter of India but after 9/11 became close with Pakistan. Why?

  10. India today • The world’s largest democracy. • Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister in 1966. • Assassinated in 1984 • Her son Raijiv Gandhi took over. • Assassinated in 1991

  11. Social Change in India • The Caste System ruled Indian society for more than 2000 years. • Gandhi and the government banned discrimination against the “Untouchables” (1950) • Do you think discrimination against this class still exists?

  12. The Status of Women The constitution gave women the right to vote in 1950. They had the right to divorce. They could own property. Sikh separatists A religion that began in the 1500’s. Combines Islam and Hinduism. In the 1980’s they sought self rule in Punjab. Sikh’s occupied the Temple in Amritsar to protest. Indira Gandhi sent in troops (many are killed) Ironic??? She was later assassinated by 2 Sikh bodyguards. India continued …

  13. Africa • Pan-Africanism called for the unity of all Africans and people of African descent. • Most African nations gained their independence after WWII.

  14. Ghana • Kwame Nkrumah was a nationalist leader in the Gold Coast (a British colony). • Uses strikes and boycotts to protest. • Whose methods did he use? • Granted independence in 1957 (Ghana). • Nkrumah creates the Organization of African Unity in 1963. • Wanted to end colonialism

  15. Kenya • Kenya was also a British colony. • Jomo Kenyatta was a leader of a tribe driven off their land by the British. • They decided to use violent methods to win liberation. • Kenyatta was imprisoned (1952-1959) • Became Kenya’s first Prime Minister in 1963.

  16. Algeria • A French colony. • One million Europeans lived there. • A Muslim nationalist movement caused fighting and resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths from 1954 to 1962. • Algeria becomes a free nation in 1962.

  17. Ethnic Tensions and Nationalism • Most national boundaries in Africa were established by Europeans. • Why might this be a problem?? • Today, people are more loyal to their tribe than their country.

  18. Example - Nigeria • There are more than 200 ethnic groups in Nigeria. • In 1966, 20,000 Christian Ibo’s were killed. • They fought for independence. • Over one million people died.

  19. Rwanda • A case of genocide. • Rwanda was 85 percent Hutu and 14 percent Tutsi. • 1994, Hutu extremists kill over 500,000 Tutsi in just a few months. • A Tutsi-led rebel army seized control of the government. • What was the danger of this?

  20. Apartheid and South Africa • Europeans ruled South Africa for 350 years. • Whites (9% of the population) ruled blacks (80%) during this time. • Whites instituted apartheid (separation of races) in 1948.

  21. Life under apartheid • Blacks and non-whites had to live in certain zones. • Separate trains, beaches, schools and other facilities for non-whites. • No interracial marriage. • Enforced with violence and fear.

  22. The African Nation Congress • Opposed apartheid with boycotts and non-violent civil disobedience. • The government outlawed the ANC and arrested Nelson Mandela. • Sentenced to life in prison. • Served 27 years.

  23. Apartheid ends • Bishop Desmond Tutu persuaded countries to boycott South Africa and its products to protest apartheid. • President F.W. de Klerk legalized the ANC and freed Mandela in 1990. • In 1994, free elections were held. • Mandela won.

  24. Southeast Asia • After WWII, nationalists throughout Indochina and Southeast Asia fought against imperialism. • They also fought bloody civil wars.

  25. Vietnam • Ruled by the French since the mid-1800s. • The Vietminh (nationalist and communist groups) fought against the Japanese during WWII. • After WWII, their leader (Ho Chi Minh) declared Vietnam free. • Defeats the French. • The US steps in. • Why???

  26. Vietnam War (America) • US involvement lasted from 1959-1975. • By 1969, 500,000 US soldiers are in Vietnam. • Even with all the US fire-power, South Vietnam could not defeat the Vietminh. • Growing protests in the US caused Nixon to withdraw the troops. • In 1975, South Vietnam falls.

  27. Cambodia • Cambodia served as a supply route for the Viet Cong (N. Vietnam) during the Vietnam War. • In 1969, the US invaded in an attempt to destroy this route. • After the US leaves, the Khmer Rouge (Communists) led by Pol Pot take control.

  28. Cambodia continued… • Pol Pot institutes a policy of genocide to eliminate his opponents. • Over one million people were murdered. • Referred to as the “Killing Fields”

  29. Conflicts and Change in the Middle East • Impact of Geography • The Middle East had been a crossroads for people/ideas from Africa, Asia, and Europe. • The discovery of oil gave many countries of the Middle East power after WWII.

  30. The Jewish State • 1947: UN divides Palestine and the British enforce the plan. • 1948: Britain leaves and the Jews declare Israel independent. • Recognized by both the US and USSR. Original Boundaries

  31. Israeli growth • Israel develops rapidly. • By the 1980s, 2 million Jews had migrated to Israel. • Has a skilled workforce. • The US provides foreign aid to Israel to help support the economy.

  32. 1948: The first Arab-Israeli War. Israel wins and doubles its size. 700,000 Arabs become refugees. Must live in UN camps. Eventually build houses there. Many wanted their land back. Israeli Wars Original Boundaries

  33. Changing borders 1948 1967 Today

  34. The PLO • The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was led by Yasir Arafat. • Used terrorism and guerrilla tactics to fight the Israeli occupation. • Refused to recognize Israel and wanted to remove all Jews and reclaim the territory for Palestine.

  35. More War • 1967: The Six-Day War – Israel takes the Sinai Peninsula. • 1973: Egypt and Syria attack Israel on Yom Kippur. They are defeated. • 1979: Egypt and Israel declare peace (Camp David Accords).

  36. Israel continued • 1987: Intifada declared (uprising). Teenagers throw rocks and homemade bombs at Jewish soldiers. • 1993: PLO (Arafat) and Israel make peace. • Palestinians are given land in Gaza and Jericho. • They also get limited self-rule.

  37. Civil War in Lebanon • War between Christians and Muslims begins in 1975. • Syria and Israel both occupied Lebanon until 2000. • 2002: Israel invades Palestinian areas and kill or arrest many PLO leaders and supporters. • Arafat dies in 2004.

  38. Iran • 1953: Muhammad Reza Pahlavi declares himself Shah of Iran. • Ruled as a dictator. • 1970s: opposition to the Shah grows (led by the exiled Ayatollah Khomeini). • The Shah flees in 1979. • Khomeini rules until his death in 1989.

  39. Impact • The new government was very hostile to the West. • Became a theocracy (laws based on Muslim beliefs). • Militants seize the US Embassy and hold 70 Americans hostage for 444 days. • Iran encouraged other revolutions (promote Islam)

  40. Islamic Fundamentalism • The 1970s saw growing opposition to the West by Muslims. • I.F. Islamic fundamentalism sought to apply Islamic law to modern problems. • Occurs in: • Libya (led by Qaddafi) • Algeria in 1992 • Turkey in the 1990s

  41. Our buddy – Saddam Hussein • Hussein was a dictator in Iraq but was open to western ideas. • An ally of the US during the Iran-Iraq War. • The US supplied weapons to Iraq. • Saddam uses chemical weapons against the Iranian army and people.

  42. A Cult of Personality

  43. A Cult of Personality 1989 Victory Arch

  44. Oil Fields in Iraq

  45. A Reign of Terror: Mass Graves of Saddam’s Victims

  46. Our enemy – Saddam Hussein • Persian Gulf War of 1990 • Iraq invades Kuwait (lots of oil) • US creates a trade embargo to protest. • US and its allies invade in 1991. • Iraq loses quickly but Saddam is left in power.

  47. Iraq Invades Kuwait August 2, 1990 UN Security Council Resolution 678(authorized military force to be used against Iraq.)

  48. “Operation Desert Storm”

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