Era of Good Feelings

1. Era of Good Feelings Unit IIIB AP U.S. History

2. Era of Good Feelings • James Monroe (D-R) elected President after James Madison (D-R) • Under increased nationalism and disintegration of Federalists, nation in good spirits • Political, economical, and social debates linger

3. James Monroe (D-R) Elections1816 and 1820

4. Growth of American Nationalism • Effect of the “victory” over Great Britain • Exciting opportunities with land and increased manufacturing • The arts and education infused with patriotic themes

5. A STRONG Central Government • John Marshall’s Court • Fletcher v. Peck (1810) • Ruled state law unconstitutional • Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816) • Ruled Supreme Court’s jurisdiction over state courts • McCullogh v. Maryland (1819) • Bank of the United States constitutional under “necessary and proper” • States could not tax the Bank - Supremacy Clause • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) • Increased federal government’s interstate commerce authority

6. Democratic-Republicans Fracturing • Democratic-Republicans split as nation grows • Old Guard Dem-Reps cling to ideals and strict interpretation; states’ rights • New Guard Dem-Reps adopt Federalist-type platforms; nationalism

7. Sectional RepresentationThe Great Triumvirate • Daniel Webster of Massachusetts - NORTH • Henry Clay of Kentucky - WEST • John C. Calhoun of South Carolina - SOUTH • Serve as House and Senate members • Former War Hawks, Nationalists • Calhoun will lean toward states’ rights later • Will become dominant members of the Senate in 1830s and 1840s

8. Henry Clay Bill Nighy

9. America Expands • Land available in Louisiana Territory and conquered native lands • Loans from state banks than Bank of U.S. • Cheap land sold by government • Trade restrictions and panics force New Englanders west • South demands new fertile land • Slavery a necessity • Improved infrastructure makes expanding easier • Influx of immigrants

10. Missouri Compromise (1820) • Given North-South rift, politicians hoped to preserve sectional balance • House dominated by North, but Southern senators could block legislation • Tallmadge Amendment • Prohibit more slaves in Missouri • Free child slaves by 25 years old • Missouri Compromise by Henry Clay • Missouri as a slave state • Maine as a free state • Latitude 36 30’ • “Missouri question aroused and filled me with alarm…I have been among the most sanguine in believing that our Union would be of long duration. I now doubt it much.” - Thomas Jefferson, April 13, 1820

11. American Boundaries

12. Monroe Doctrine (1823) • Concerned about European aggression in the Americas • Central and South American revolutions • Americas not subject to colonization • United States gives warning to Europe, including Great Britain, to not interfere with sovereign development of the Americas • What prevents the U.S. from interfering in Latin America?

13. America’s Market Economy:Transportation • Transportation • Toll Roads and Turnpikes • Cumberland Road (National Road) • Canals • Connected major waterways and West with East • Erie Canal (1825) • Steamboats • Robert Fulton and the Clermont (1807) • Railroads • Based on steam energy and slowly developing in Northeast

14. Cumberland Road

15. America Connected

16. The Clermont

17. Production Prior… Most textile and production at home or by skilled artisans in Northeast Putting-out system Merchants bought raw materials and hired farm families to produce goods for selling Innovation Cotton gin Textile machines from England Spinning jenny Flying shuttle Water frame Steam power Interchangeable parts Assembly-line type production Factory System High production with use of machines and new technologies Opened doors for unskilled labor and urbanization Artisans pressured by high demand and forced to work in factories Lowell System Recruited young women to work in textile factories and live in dormitories Rise of Corporations Capital investment for new industries Trade Unions Poor working conditions, low pay, and long hours led to development of unions America’s Market Economy:Industrialism

18. Innovations Spinning jenny Steam engine Interchangeable parts

19. Innovation increased agricultural production Iron and steel plows Grain cradle Variety of crops and livestock Improved transportation Established market networks and credit Western expansion and new fertile land Grain center moved from New York and Pennsylvania to Ohio to Illinois North based on grain Upper South based on tobacco Deep South based on King Cotton Cotton gin could process 50 lbs / day 1790 - 3,000 bales (at 500 lbs/ bale) 1793 - 10,000 bales 1795 17,000 bales 1801100,000 bales 1820200,000 bales 26¢-44¢ before 1800; 15¢-19¢ after 1800 Slavery Demand substantially increased Interstate slave trade booms after 1820 Most slaves traded from Upper South to Lower South America’s Market Economy:Commercial Agriculture

20. Increased manufacturing due to trade restrictions and war Tariff of 1816 Protective tariff raising rates to 25% The American System by Henry Clay Evolution of Hamilton’s Economic Plan Protective tariffs Foreign goods become expensive, consumers purchase cheaper American goods National bank Single currency to facilitate trade Establish easier credit system Infrastructure Improved transportation facilitated trade and commerce, linking the regions and markets Credit and Banking Second Bank of the United States (1816) chartered farmers earning credit leading to necessity of banks State banks issued paper notes for specie (gold and silver) Panic of 1819 (1819-1823) Considered the first major economic and financial crisis of the U.S. U.S. borrowed heavily to finance the war leading to inflation Bank of U.S. increased interest rates to control inflation (contractionary policy) Land speculation and recession hits the West hard Aftermath Northern manufacturers demanded high tariffs Southern farmers demanded low tariffs Western farmers blamed speculation and banks America’s Market Economy:Federal Policies and Banking

21. Regional Specialization • North • Manufactured goods to sell to the West and South • Dependent on crops from West (food) and South (textiles, trade) • West • Farmed to feed the North • Developed with Northern manufactured goods • South • Plantations and farmers grew cotton to sell to Northern textile manufacturers and shippers • Subsistent

22. United States c. 1824