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Explore the fascinating world of genetic engineering, from recombinant DNA technology to gene therapy. Learn about viral vectors, transgenesis, and gene editing processes used in research and therapy applications.
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GENETIC ENGINEERING Výukový materiál GE 02 - 61 Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005 Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR 2014
popular term for recombinant DNA technology • genetic engineering is based on knowledge of molecular biology • the aim of this discipline is the creation of new DNA molecules • new molecules are used for artificial transfer of genes between different organisms GENETIC ENGINEERING
if we want to transfer e.g. a human gene into bacteria, it must be connected with a so-called vector • vector is a DNA segment that provides input corresponding gene intothe cell and its expression • the most suitable vector is just phage DNA • gene can be artificially incorporated by specific enzymes into phage DNA GENETIC ENGINEERING
this process is called transduction • transduction is one of the basic techniques of genetic engineering • condition for the reproduction of the transduced bacteria: • phage DNA must be in advance free of genes that cause induction of the lytic cycle and termination of host cells GENETIC ENGINEERING
viral vectors are used also in animals transgensis • the embryo is intentionally infected by vector particles in the early stage of evolution • all cells of the transgenic individuals gain the ability to create desired protein • during sexual reproduction, the gene is transmitted to offspring GENETIC ENGINEERING
reversible transcriptase is also used in genetic engineering • reversible transcriptase is also used for creation of complementary DNA (cDNA) with transcription of eukaryotic mRNA • it is possible to obtain a gene sequence devoid of introns • functional proteins can be generated by gene sequence GENETIC ENGINEERING
recombinant DNA technology is used most often to a simple multiplication of a specific segment in a cloning vector (usually a plasmid), but apart of that it is used in many other processes • – e.g. also- to the incorporation of a strange or modified DNA directly into the genomic DNA (chromosomal) certain organisms GENETIC ENGINEERING
Fatal (severe) combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) was as the first hereditary disease has been successfully treated by the gene therapy (unfortunaltely by far not in all cases). Its severe symptoms ar caused by the inability of the patient´s T-lymphoctes to generate adenosine deaminase enzyme (ADA). A viral vector is used for the transfer of a functional donor´ s gene into patient´s lymphocytes. Schemaof gene therapy
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DESCRIBE THE PICTURE WORKSHEET
these procedures may be useful not only in research (e.g. elimination of a function of a certain gene called. homologous recombination and study of the consequences that indicate the function of the normal gene copy) but also in gene therapy, which presumes the replacement of the malfunction of the mutated alleles of the gene delivery "healthy" copy GENETIC ENGINEERING
the beginning of genetic engineering: • 1973 first organism with recombinant DNA produced (Stanley Cohen from Stanford Univ. a Herbert Boyer from Univ. California San Francisco) – they inserted a part of a bacterial plasmid into another and brought it into the E. coli GENETIC ENGINEERING
KOČÁREK, Eduard. Genetika: obecná genetika a cytogenetika, molekulární biologie, biotechnologie, genomika. 2. vyd. Praha: Scientia, 2008, 211 s. ISBN 978-80-86960-36-4 SOURCES
