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Explore the nexus of politics and geography, learning about nations, states, and territories, as well as the impact of colonialism and the importance of ethnicity. Discover the theories and concepts that shape our world today.
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Political GeographyReview Kaplan Review Book
7 things to learn from this chapter • 1) A nation is a group of people with common cultural characteristics, whereas a state is an area with defined boundaries that has sovereignty within its borders. A nation-state is a country whose political boundaries correspond with its cultural boundaries
Iraq is a state divided between 3 nations • Sunni Muslims • Shiite Muslims • Kurds • Disputes over political power of the state
Nation-state: when cultural boundaries correspond with state boundaries • Same ethnicity, speak same language, practice the same religion • Examples: Japan & Denmark
A ______ is a group of people with a common political identity, and a ______ is a country with recognized borders • Territory…federalism • Nation….territory • State…nation • Nation….state • Territory….state
A ______ is a group of people with a common political identity, and a ______ is a country with recognized borders • Territory…federalism • Nation….territory • State…nation • Nation….state • Territory….state
For many years, French Canadians from Quebec sought ____, or the right to govern themselves and to establish their own independent state • Nationalism • Self-determination • Anticolonialism • Reapportionment • colonization
For many years, French Canadians from Quebec sought ____, or the right to govern themselves and to establish their own independent state • Nationalism • Self-determination: Sovereignty • Anticolonialism • Reapportionment • colonization
7 things to learn from this chapter • 2) The Heartland Theory established by MacKinder suggests that whoever owns the Heartland of Eastern Europe will control the world. The Rimland Theory by Nicholas Spykman suggest that sea power is more valuable and that alliances will keep the Heartland in check. The Domino Theory, a response to the spread of communism, suggested that when one country falls, others around it will experience the same political instability
Which international organization could best be incorporated into Spykman’sRimland Theory? • United Nations • European Union • NATO • NAFTA • Warsaw Pact
Which international organization could best be incorporated into Spykman’sRimland Theory? • United Nations • European Union • NATO: Military Alliance between Western European countries • NAFTA • Warsaw Pact
7 things to learn from this chapter • 3) Colonialism has had a profound impact on the world today. The major colonial powers were Great Britain, Portugal, Spain and France. Meinig’s colonial empire themes describe how these empires were colonized. Great Britain and France used the settler empire, Portugal used the sea empire, and Spain used the land empire
Types of Empires • Meinig, geographer at Syracuse University • Created a list of 3 different empires Europeans used when colonizing an area • Land Empire: involves conquest by force • Sea Empire: use sea power to control an area • Settlement Empire: settlers establish colony over long period of time
Land Empire • Involves conquest by force • Armies attack & take resources by force • “Might makes right” • Ex: Spanish in Mexico
Sea Empire • Used sea power to control area • Settlements along coast • Excursions to interior for goods • Then shipped off to home country • Ex: Portuguese in Brazil
Settlement Empire • Settlers intend to stay a long time • Establish a settlement • Send resources/agric products to home country • Supplies provided by home country • Eventually become independent & pay back home country • Ex: British in US & French in SE Asia
7 things to learn from this chapter • 4) Ethnicity is determined by race, skin color, language, religion and other factors. Race is different from ethnicity and is determined by perceived inheritable biological characteristics • Previous Chapter in our Textbook
The civil war in Rwanda is most closely an example of • A religious conflict • An ethnic conflict • A pluralism conflict • Ethnocentrism • An ethnic enclave
The civil war in Rwanda is most closely an example of • A religious conflict • An ethnic conflict: Hutu & Tutsi tribes • A pluralism conflict • Ethnocentrism • An ethnic enclave
7 things to learn from this chapter • 5) There are five shapes to countries: compact, elongated, fragmented, perforated and prorupted. Each of these has advantages and disadvantages
Which of the following states is the best example of an enclave? • Lesotho • Gambia • Brazil • Belize • Papua New Guinea
Which of the following states is the best example of an enclave? • Lesotho: In South Africa • Gambia • Brazil • Belize • Papua New Guinea
Which of the following is best example of a perforated state? • France • Vatican City • Singapore • Ecuador • Italy
Which of the following is best example of a perforated state? • France • Vatican City • Singapore • Ecuador • Italy: has 2 states completely inside, San Marino & Vatican City
7 things to learn from this chapter • 6)Supranational organizations, such as the European Union and the United Nations have a strong influence on the world’s political climate
The United Nations’ International Law of the Sea gave countries access to drill for mineral rights up to how many miles from shore • 3 miles • 10 miles • 12 miles • 100 miles • 200 miles
The United Nations’ International Law of the Sea gave countries access to drill for mineral rights up to how many miles from shore • 3 miles • 10 miles • 12 miles • 100 miles • 200 miles to explore/exploit resources • 3 mile limit applies to foreign ships
Supranationalism extends state borders through outside organizations for economic and/or political cooperation • European Union • NAFTA • NATO • OPEC
7 things to learn from this chapter • 7) Boundary disputes arise for various reasons. Some arise from the demarcation of the boundary, while others arise from the allocation of resources along the border. Inappropriate boundary lines in Africa led to wars from the moment they were drawn, because European countries used geometric and physical features to establish boundaries in Africa instead of cultural features, such as language and religion
The redrawing of political districts for political gain is termed what? • Reapportionment • Core-periphery federalism • Gerrymandering • Immigrant statehood • Electoral regions
The redrawing of political districts for political gain is termed what? • Reapportionment • Core-periphery federalism • Gerrymandering • Immigrant statehood • Electoral regions
_____forces work to pull countries apart, while ______ forces work to bind them together • Centripetal….centrifugal • Centrifugal…centripetal • Communist…democratic • Capitalist…socialist • Socialist…centripetal
_____forces work to pull countries apart, while ______ forces work to bind them together • Centripetal….centrifugal • Centrifugal…centripetal • Communist…democratic • Capitalist…socialist • Socialist…centripetal
Which of the following was a centrifugal force in the India/Pakistan relationship in the late 1940s? • Commonality of Language • Commonality of Religion • Differences in Political border interpretation • Differences in religion • Commonality of climate
Which of the following was a centrifugal force in the India/Pakistan relationship in the late 1940s? • Commonality of Language • Commonality of Religion • Differences in Political border interpretation • Differences in religion: broke up the state • Commonality of climate
With its system of regional provinces, Canada is an example of a • Microstate • Electoral state • Reapportioned state • Federal state • Nation-state
With its system of regional provinces, Canada is an example of a • Microstate • Electoral state • Reapportioned state • Federal state • Nation-state
Ch.8 Free-Response Question
Free Response Question • The European Union and NAFTA are two common examples of international organizations. • A) Describe each of these two organizations and their purposes • B) What do each of these two organizations have in common? How are they different?