RESPIRATION AND EXCRETION

1. RESPIRATION AND EXCRETION

2. EXCRETION • Definition: • Why do we excrete? • What do we excrete? • From where do we excrete?

3. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • The respiratory system excretes waste. • The respiratory system brings oxygen into the circulatory system and carbon dioxide out. • Respiration means the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between external and internal environment. (the lungs)

4. PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • The Nasal Cavity • Air enters nose • Air is warmed • Nose is lined with cilia • Cilia filters our particles

5. PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Pharynx (a.k.a. throat) • Passageway for air and food • Mouth and Nose meet

6. PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Larynx • Voice box and vocal cords

7. PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Trachea • Wind pipe • Surrounded by cartilage rings to prevent collapse • Lined with cilia • Cilia “beat” upwards to remove foreign particles (makes you cough)

8. PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Bronchi • Trachea divides into 2 tubes • Bronchi extend into lungs and then divide into even smaller tubules called bronchioles

9. PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Bronchioles • No cartilage • Lined with mucus • Connects bronchi with air sacs, called alveoli

10. PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Alveoli • Functional unit of gas exchange • One cell thick, allows for easy diffusion • Moist, thin walls • Surrounded by capillaries

11. DIFFUSION

12. PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Lungs • Surrounded and protected by 12 pairs of ribs • Consist of bronchus, bronchioles and alveoli • Separated from abdomen by diaphragm

14. PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Diaphragm • Muscular tissue that separates lungs from abdomen • Muscle contracts and relaxes when you breathe • Hiccups are a spasm of the diaphragm

15. Gas Exchange • Breathing is the movement of air into and out of the lungs. • Breathing is controlled by the medulla in the brain. • 2 Parts- • Inhalation • Exhalation

16. Gas Exchange

17. Gas Exchange • Inhalation • Ribs pull up and out • Diaphragm pulls down • Chest cavity enlarges • Pressure around lungs decreases • Outside pressure is greater than inside • Air rushes into lungs, inflating them

18. Gas Exchange • Exhalation • Ribs relax down • Diaphragm becomes flat • Chest cavity is reduced • Pressure around lungs increases as ribs go down

19. Gas Exchange

20. Gas Exchange • Breathing is controlled by the medulla • Breathing rate is controlled by the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood • In increase in CO2 = increased breathing rate • Decrease in CO2 = decrease in breathing rate

21. External vs. Internal • External Respiration • Gas exchange between alveoli and blood • Internal Respiration • Gas exchange between blood and body cells

22. Disorders of the Respiratory System • Asthma • Constriction of bronchi • Makes breathing difficult

23. Disorders of the Respiratory System • Bronchitis • Inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles • Swollen, mucus clogged bronchioles • Produces a cough

24. Disorders of the Respiratory System • Emphysema • Degeneration of the walls of the alveoli • Results in lack of elasticity • Causes shortness of breath

25. Disorders of the Respiratory System • Pneumonia • Alveoli fill with fluid • Makes gas exchange in lungs, difficult

26. Disorders of the Respiratory System • Lung Cancer • Tumors within the lung • More frequent in smokers

27. Excretion • The removal of metabolic (toxic) wastes from the cells. • Why do we excrete? • What do we excrete?

28. Kidney • The kidneys are part of the urinary system/excretory system.

29. Kidney • The kidneys filter the blood, removing the toxic urea and salts from the bloodstream. • The kidneys make urine. • Urine is urea, salts and water

30. Kidney • Parts of the urinary system • Kidney • Ureter • Urinary Bladder • Urethra

32. Kidney Blood Flow • The renal artery brings blood, rich in urea, to the kidney for filtering. • The renal vein brings filtered blood out of the kidney.

33. Kidney

34. Structures of the kidney

35. Nephron • The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. • The kidney contains millions of nephrons. • The nephrons are the filtering unit of the kidney.

36. Nephron structures • Drawing of nephron

39. From the Bodies exhibit

40. Liver • The liver gets rid of RBC’s. • The liver removes toxic substances from the blood and converts them to less toxic forms. • Urea is made in the liver.

41. Skin • Sweat is a form of excretion. • Why do humans sweat? • Sweat is made up of water, salts and a little bit of urea.

42. Disorders of the Excretory System • Gout • Inflammation in joints due to deposit of uric acid • Can be due to too much protein in diet

43. Disorders of the Excretory System • Kidney Stones • Calcium deposits in the kidney. • An ultrasound machine may be used to try and break up the stones into smaller pieces

44. Disorders of the Excretory System • Kidney Disease • Can be caused by heavy metals (mercury, lead) • May be treated with dialysis

45. Disorders of the Excretory System • Cirrhosis of the liver • Caused by too much alcohol • Liver is enlarged

46. Representative Organisms • Protist (amoeba or paramecium) • Waste products: • NH3 (ammonia), salts H2O • CO2 • Structures: • Cell membrane – wastes are excreted by the process of ________________ • Contractile vacuole – collects and pumps ____________ out of organism

48. Representative Organisms • Hydra • Waste products: • NH3, salts, H2O • CO2 • Structures: • Cell membrane – wastes are excreted by the process of ________________ • Excess water is pumped out by _____________ transport (requires energy)

50. Representative Organisms • Earthworm • Waste Products: • Urine – H2O, salt, urea, NH3 • CO2 • Structures: • Nephridia-pair of excretory organs that lead outside the body • Nephridia absorb wastes from the blood and release them out of pores • CO2 diffuse through moist skin