Movement through the cell:

1. Movement through the cell: Molecules have to move around the cell to do their jobs. Sometimes they go into, or out of an organelle. Our cells use Diffusion and Osmosis to do this job. But,……. How do large molecules get in?

2. Crossing the Membrane Nutrients must get in and wastes must get out. Signaling molecules received by a cell may need to get in, while signaling molecules sent by a cell need to get out. Fluid must be able to get in and out. Certain ions must be able to get in and out.

3. Types of transport: Passive Transport: Requires NO Energy Either by simple diffusion or through a membrane protein Active Transport: Requires Energy - ATP Always happens through a membrane protein and uses ATP to force a molecule across a membrane against concentration grandient

4. Big Stuff? There are 2 types of vesicular transport: exocytosis and endocytosis Membrane Proteins are adequate for bring small molecules into the cell or out of the cell. However, a different kind of active transport is necessary to move large things into/out of the cell – vesicular transport.

5. Exocytosis • Exocytosis literally means “out of the cell” • It accounts for hormone secretion, neurotransmitter release, mucus secretion, and, sometimes, ejection of wastes. • Inside the cell, the substance to be exported is enclosed in a membranous sac called a vesicle. • The vesicle will migrate to the PM fuse with it, and then rupture, spilling the contents into the extracellular space.

8. Endocytosis • Reverse of exocytosis. Allows macromolecules to enter cells. • The substance is progressively enclosed by an enfolding portion of the plasma membrane. • This forms a vesicle which will pinch off the plasma membrane and enter the cytosol where it is typically digested. • Types of endocytosis are: • Phagocytosis • Pinocytosis (a.k.a. bulk-phase endocytosis) • Receptor-mediated endocytosis

9. Phagocytosis • Literally “cell-eating.” • Cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopods “reach out and grab” large, solid material such as a clump of bacteria or cell debris, and then engulf it. • The resulting vesicle is called a phagosome. • Usually, the phagosome fuses with a lysosome, a membranous organelle that contains digestive enzymes, and its contents are digested. • Macrophages and white blood cells are the most phagocytic cells in the body.

10. Pinocytosis • Literally means “cell-drinking.” • A bit of infolding plasma membrane surrounds a droplet of extracellular fluid containing dissolved molecules. This creates a tiny membranous vesicle. • Most cells routinely perform this. • Unlike phagocytosis, pinocytosis is unselective!

11. Photosynthesis and Respiration Where does your energy come from? Autotroph: - having the ability to make ones own energy (food). Chemo-Autotrophs Plants Heterotroph: - having to take energy from another organism. Us!

12. Your Body uses Chemical Energy ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Adenine Ribose Sugar Three phosphates ADP - Adenosine Diphosphate (only two phosphates) is converted to ATP In cells to store energy for cells! Using the energy- Cells break off the 3rd phosphate and use the released energy.

13. Photosynthesis The PROCESS of using the energy from the sun to Convert CO2 and Water into Glucose and O2 The Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 Carbon Dioxides 1 Glucose (sugar) 6 Oxygens 6 Waters But it happens in two different Reactions Dark Reaction Light Reaction and

14. Light Reaction Take place inside the Chloroplast at a specific place. Stacks of individual “disks” calledThylakoids A stack of these thylakoids is called a Granum (grana = plural)

15. Chlorophyll molecules are arranged in Photosystems. When a light strikes the chlorophyll with in the thylakoid membrane, water is split. This reaction produces ATP from ADP and NADPH form NADP+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ) are made. P NADP+ ADP H2O NADPH ATP O2

16. The ATP and NADPH along with CO2 are used to produce C6H12O6 with in the Stroma (the fluid around the Grana) This is where the “Light Independent reaction” takes place. a.k.a. : Calvin Cycle or “Dark Reaction” because it can happen in the dark. Melvin Calvin

17. The Light Independent Reaction AKA Calvin Cycle goes as follows:

18. For every 6 Carbon dioxide and 6 water molecules that enter the Chloroplast, 1 glucose and 6 Oxygen is created or 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 But what happens if we reverse the arrow? Now we are burning Sugar with Oxygen to get Water and Carbon dioxide.

19. What burns Sugar (glucose) and Oxygen together? All living things! This Process is calledCellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O ENERGY

20. Cellular Respiration Starts whenGlucoseenters the cell ! Glucose Glycolysis: First step in Cellular Respiration where Glucose is split in half inside the cytoplasm. Glucose nucleus mitochondria Process: 2-ATP 2-ADP C C C Pyruvic Acids C C C to the Mitochondria 2-NAD+ 2-NADH

21. Inside the Mitochondria:

22. What happens if you can’t give the cell enough O2? After Glycolysis, if there is not enough O2 to go through cellular respiration, the cell converts the NADH into ATP and the Pyruvic acid breaks down into Lactic Acid X Lactic Acid Fermentation O2 Glycolysis 2-ATP 2-ADP C C C Pyruvic Acids C C C 2-NAD+ 2-NADH Lactic Acid

23. Let’s Recap Photosynthesis converts Light energy from the sun into Sugar 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Respiration converts Sugar into usable energy – A T P 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 ATP Notice any similarities?

24. Review 1. Active Transport 2. Passive Transport 3. Pinocytosos 4. Exocytosis 5. Phagocytosis 6. Autotroph 7. Heterotroph 8. ATP 9. ADP 10. Light Reaction 11. Light Independent Reaction 12. Photon 13. Chlorophyll 14. Cellular respiration 15. Glycolysis 16. Pyruvic Acid 17. Electron Transport Chain 18. Krebs Cycle 19. Lactic Acid Fermentation Questions: • Compare the chemical reaction of photosynthesis to cellular respiration. • What is the difference between the light and light independent reactions? • Describe the steps in Cellular respiration. • What is the difference between Cellular respiration and Lactic Acid Fermentation?