U.S. History Chapter 11 Notes The Civil War

1. U.S. History Chapter 11 NotesThe Civil War In the bloody Civil War, Union forces devastate the South and defeat the Confederacy. President Lincoln narrowly wins reelection, but is assassinated as the war ends.

2. Section 1The Civil War Begins. The secession of Southern states cause the North and the South to take up arms

3. March 1861 – Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States North said that the Union was older than the states it had created them Believed the Union had to be preserved South believed that majority rule was a threat to their liberty North believed south was pouting because they lost the election Northern Response to Southern Succession

5. The Failure to Compromise • Lincoln said that the national government would not abandon its property in the south • Said that the Union wouldn't use force in the south

6. Confederate soldiers take over government, military installations Fort Sumter—Union outpost in Charleston harbor Confederates demanded surrender of Fort Sumter Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens needed supplies - supply ships had been forced to turn back after being fired on by South Carolina gunners Crisis at Fort Sumter

7. Crisis at Fort Sumter • Lincoln faced tough decision concerning the forts - Withdrawing the troops would be recognizing the Confederacy - Sending supplies meant risking war - Reinforcing the fort with force would also lead rest of slave states to secede

9. Crisis at Fort Sumter • April 1861 - Lincoln announced that he was sending relief expeditions to the forts • Meant he would fight if necessary • For South, no action would damage sovereignty of Confederacy • Jefferson Davis chose to turn peaceful secession into war

10. Other States Secede • Lincoln called out the militia (northern states responded) • Fall of Fort Sumter unites North; volunteers rush to enlist • Angered southern states • Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas joined the Confederacy • Robert E. Lee became leader of the Confederate army

11. Border states were the key to the war North had to have Maryland to keep contact with Washington D.C. - Lincoln ordered the arrest of lawmakers who had supported the south - Federal troops helped a group of western counties break away from Virginia (West Virginia) War caused many families in the border states to spilt Choosing Sides

12. Expecting a Short War • That war came as no surprise • Both sides had been arguing for years • Everyone thought the war would be short • Everyone was excited

13. North - Had more people - Had most of the natural resources (iron, coal, copper) - 86% of the nation’s factories in the north - Union kept almost every ship in the navy - More extensive railroad system - Lincoln’s leadership South - Had better generals - cotton profits - Fighting a defensive war (more of a will to fight) Both Sides Strengths

14. North - Aimed to conquer south and bring it back into the Union - Didn’t have a strong enough army to invade the south a the beginning - Anaconda plan:Union strategy to conquer South - blockade Southern ports - divide Confederacy in two in west - capture Richmond, Confederate capital South - Only wanted to stay independent - Wanted to avoid major battles (hoped the north would get tired of fighting) - Invade North if opportunity arose - Beginning of the war south withheld cotton from Europe (hoped Europe would help south due to their need for cotton (BIG MISTAKE) - Europe found other places to get cotton Strategy

17. The Two Armies • 1861 – Union was unprepared to fight - Many soldiers were city residents • Southern army had organized before the battle of Fort Sumter • Southerners were used to shooting guns • Neither army had uniforms (created confusion) - Union wore blue - Confederates wore grey

18. Didn’t have antiseptics – germ killing drugs Didn’t have anesthetics – pain killing drugs - Soldiers had to bite bullets when being operated on The Two Armies

19. First Battle of Bull Run • Union army was marching to Manassas • Sightseers and picnickers followed to watch the battle • Thomas J. Jackson earned nickname “Stonewall” for firm stand in battle • Confederates forced the Union to retreat - Union army got tangled up with the sightseers

21. Union Armies in the West • Protecting Washington, D.C. • After Bull Run, Lincoln called for 1 million additional soldiers • Appointed General George McClellan to lead the Union army

22. Union Victories in the West • Union captured New Orleans • Feb. 1862 - General Ulysses S. Grant captured Confederate Forts Henry & Donelson • Both held strategic locations on the Tennessee & Cumberland Rivers

23. Battle of Shiloh March1862, Confederate troops surprised Union soldiers at Shiloh Grant counterattacked & forced Confederates retreat - Fiercest fighting of the war to that point - Both sides suffered heavy casualties Shiloh taught that preparation was needed, (Scouts, trenches & fortifications Showed that Confederacy was vulnerable in West Union Victories in the West

24. April 1862 - David G. Farragut commanded fleet that took New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Natchez Capturing all of the major cities along the lower Mississippi would cut Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, & Tennessee would be cutoff Only Port Hudson, Louisiana & Vicksburg Mississippi stood in the way Union Victories in the West

25. A Revolution in Warfare • New ironclad ships instrumental in victories of Grant, Farragut - Ironclads splinter wooden ships, withstand cannon, resist burning • March 1862, North’s Monitor, South’s Merrimack fought to a draw - 1st ever battle between two ironclad warships - The new ships were not a decisive factor in the war

26. A Revolution in Warfare • New Weapons - Rifles more accurate, faster loading, fire more rounds than muskets - Minié ball (more destructive bullet), grenades, land mines were used - Fighting from trenches, barricades new advantage in infantry attacks

28. 3rd part of Anaconda plan called for the capture of Richmond McClellan waited to attack Richmond (Too cautious) - Drilled troops for 5 months Spring 1862 - Robert E. Lee took command of Southern army - Excellent general who had declined an offer to head the union army at the beginning of the war The War for the Capitals

30. Seven Days Battles • June 25 to July 1, 1862 - Lee & McClellan fought series of battles known collectively as the Seven Days’ Battle - South lost more men but forced north to retreat • Lee’ determination and unorthodox tactics caused McClellan leave Richmond • Lee decided to invade the north - Hoped a victory in the north would convince Lincoln to talk peace - Hoped a victory would also persuade Europe to side with the south

31. August 29 & 30 1862 - Lee won Second Battle of Bull Run & marched into Maryland - Put Washington D.C. in danger - Union troops had to withdraw to protect it Second Battle of Bull Run

33. Union army found a copy of Lee’s battle plans Bloodiest single-day battle of the war - 23,000 men died (more than the war of 1812 & war with Mexico combined) Ended in a draw - Confederates retreat - McClellan does not pursue - Lincoln fired McClellan Considered a political victory for the north - Caused Europe to delay plans to help the south Battle of Antietam

35. Section 2The Politics of War By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln makes slavery the focus of the war

36. Britain Remains Neutral • Britain didn’t need the South • had cotton inventory & new sources • Britain needed Northern wheat & corn (replaced cotton as the essential import) • Britain Chose neutrality

37. South made a 2nd attempt to gain English & French support Confederate diplomats traveled abroad a British merchant ship (Trent) James Mason & John Sidell U.S. Navy arrests them (Capt. Charles Wilkes) The Trent Affair

38. England threatened war against the union mobilized 8,000 troops to Canada Lincoln freed the prisoners and publicly claimed the Wilkes acted without orders Averted war with Britain (Both sides relieved) The Trent Affair

39. Proclaiming Emancipation • Lincoln’s didn’t believe the Federal government had no power to abolish slavery where it existed • Lincoln decided army could emancipate slaves who labored for Confederacy ( Seizing supplies) • Emancipation discouraged Britain from supporting the South • Abolitionist movement was strong in England

40. January 1, 1863 Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation - President Lincoln’s announcement that he would free the slaves in the rebelling states (military strategy) Proclamation had symbolic value by giving the war a high moral purpose (Slavery) Emancipation Proclamation

41. Northern Democrats claimed it would antagonize South & prolong war Changed the character of the war (The Old South was to be destroyed) - Confederacy became more determined to preserve way of life - Compromise was no longer possible Emancipation Proclamation

42. Didn’t free he slaves in the loyal border states - Didn’t have the power under the constitution Also declared that African Americans could enter the army - Free blacks welcome ability to fight against slavery - 54th regiment gained fame attacking Fort Wagner in South Carolina Emancipation Proclamation

44. Neither side was completely unified Both sides had sympathizers Lincoln suspended habeas corpus: - order to bring accused to court & name charges Seized telegraph offices to prevent them from being used for subversion Both Sides Face Political Problems

45. Copperheads- Northern Democrats advocating peace were among those arrested Lincoln ignored Supreme court ruling that stated he had overstepped his constitutional boundaries Davis denounced Lincoln, then suspended habeas corpus in South Lincoln expands presidential powers & sets precedent (War time) Both Sides Face Political Problems

46. Conscription • Both sides relied on volunteers in the beginning • Casualties & desertions led to conscription - draft to serve in army • Both armies allowed draftees to hire substitutes to serve for them • Planters with more than 20 slaves were exempted “Rich mans war poor mans fight” • 90% eligible Southerners served • 92% of the Northern soldiers were volunteers

47. Poor white workers thought it was unfair they should have to fight a war to free slaves - Lived in disease ridden slums White workers feared Southern blacks would move North & compete for jobs 1863 - Mobs rampaged through New York City after they began being drafted Draft Riots

48. Section 3 The Civil War brings about dramatic social and economic changes in American society.

49. African-American Soldiers African Americans 1% of North’s population Made up 10% of army by the end of the war Received lower pay than white troops for most of war& limited on military rank Suffered high mortality from disease POWs were killed or returned to slavery Fort Pillow, TN - Confederates massacred over 200 African-American POWs African Americans Fight for Freedom

50. Slave Resistance in the Confederacy • Slaves sought freedom behind Union army lines • On plantations - They destroyed property & refused to go with fleeing owners