Identity

1. Identity Unit I English I Mrs. Holt

2. Coming of Age • Coming of age is a young person's transition from childhood to adulthood. The age at which this transition takes place varies in society, as does the nature of the transition.[1] It can be a simple legal convention or can be part of a ritual, as practiced by many societies. In the past, and in some societies today, such a change is associated with the age of sexual maturity (early adolescence); in others, it is associated with an age of religious responsibility. Particularly in western societies, modern legal conventions which stipulate points in late adolescence or early adulthood (most commonly 16-21 when adolescents are generally no longer considered minors and are granted the full rights of an adult) are the focus of the transition. In either case, many cultures retain ceremonies to confirm the coming of age, and significant benefits come with the change. (See also rite of passage.) Coming of age is often a topic of fiction. In literature, a novel which deals with coming of age is called a bildungsroman. Similar stories told in film are called coming-of-age films.

3. Identity • Identity: The set of behavioral or personal characteristics by which an individual is recognizable as a member of a group

4. Vocabulary • Concedes: admitted as true or valid, acknowledged • Amicably: in a friendly manner • Meticulously: very carefully and precisely • Balmy: having the qualities of balm; soothing, mild pleasant • Ominous: threatening • Unpalatable: distasteful, displeasing • Bilingual: using two languages • Hyphenated: to join by a hyphen • Colloquial: used in or characteristic of familiar and informal conversation; also : unacceptably informal

5. Prose & Poetry • Prose: Prose is the ordinary form of written language. Most writing that is not poetry, drama, or song is considered prose. Prose is one of the major genres of literature and occurs in two forms: fiction and non fiction.

6. Prose & Poetry • Poetry:Poetry is one of the three major types of literature, the others being prose and drama. Most poems make use of highly concise, musical, and emotionally charged language. Many also make use of imagery, figurative language, and special devices of sound such as rhyme. Poems are often divided into lines and stanzas and often employ regular rhythmical patterns, or meters. However, some poems are written out just like prose, while other are written in free verse.

7. Theme • Theme: A theme is a central message or insight into life revealed through a literary work. A theme of a literary work may be stated directly or implied. When the theme of a work is implied, readers think about what the work suggests about people or life.

8. Theme How do we determine the main idea or essential message? • Inferring: deduce or conclude (information) from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements. • Paraphrasing: express the meaning of (the writer or speaker or something written or spoken) using different words, esp. to achieve greater clarity. • Summarizing: give a brief statement of the main points of (something). • Identifying relevant details

9. Voice • Voice:Voice is a writer’s distinctive “sound” or way of speaking on the page. It is related to such elements as word choice, sentence structure, and tone. It is similar to an individual’s speech style and can be described in the same way – fast, slow, blunt, meandering, breathless, and so on.Voice resembles style, an author’s typical way or writing, but style usually refers to a quality that can be found throughout an author’s body of work, while an author’s voice may sometimes vary from work to work.

10. Voice • Diction: Diction refers to an author’s choice of words, especially with regard to range of vocabulary, use of slang, and colloquial language, and level of formality.

11. Voice • Tone: The tone of a literary work is the writer’s attitude toward his or her audience and subject. The tone can often be described by a single adjective such as formal, informal, serious, playful, bitter or ironic.

12. Figurative vs. Literal Language • Figurative Language:Writing or speech not meant to be interpreted literally. It is often used to create vivid impressions by setting up comparisons between dissimilar things. • Metaphors, similes, personification, hyperbole • Literal Language:Literal language uses words in their ordinary sense. This means it really did happen in real life.

13. Figurative Language • Analogy:An analogy makes a comparison between two or more things that are similar in some way but otherwise unalike. (Typically longer.) • "Writing a book of poetry is like dropping a rose petal down the Grand Canyon and waiting for the echo.“ (Don Marquis)

14. Figurative Language • Simile: A simile is a figure of speech in which the words like or as are used to compare two apparently dissimilar items. • Love pricks like a thorn. • She is as mad as a hornet. • Death lies upon her like an untimely frost.

15. Figurative Language • Metaphor: A metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else. Unlike a simile, which compares two things using like or as , a metaphor implies a comparison between them. • But soft! What light through yonder window breaks? It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. • Her home was a gilded cage. • His bedroom is a disaster area!

16. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE • Personification: a type of figurative language in which a nonhuman subject is given human characteristics. • The leaves danced in the wind. • The moon walked across the sky as we watched from the window.

17. Figurative Language • Hyperbole: A hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. • If I do not get to buy that car, I will just DIE! • Oh my goodness, when is lunch? I am STARVING! • That teacher is the MEANEST teacher EVER!

18. Figurative Language • Imagery: Imagery is the descriptive of figurative language used in literature to create word pictures for the reader. These pictures, or images, are created by details of sight, sound, taste, touch, smell and movement. • The crimson liquid spilled from the neck of the white dove, staining and matting its pure, white feathers. • The clay oozed between Jeremy's fingers as he let out a squeal of pure glee.“ • "Tumbling through the ocean water after being overtaken by the monstrous wave, Mark unintentionally took a gulp of the briny, bitter mass, causing him to cough and gag

19. Figurative Language • Connotation: an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning • Man • Woman • Teenager

20. Rhetoric &Aristotle

21. Rhetoric • Rhetoric:the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, esp. the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques. • Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers that attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations.

22. A General Summary of Aristotle's Appeals . . • The goal of argumentative writing is to persuade your audience that your ideas are valid, or more valid than someone else's. The Greek philosopher Aristotle divided the means of persuasion, appeals, into three categories--Ethos, Pathos, Logos. • Ethos:the source's credibility, the speaker's/author's authority • Logos:the logic used to support a claim (induction and deduction); can also be the facts and statistics used to help support the argument. • Pathos:the emotional or motivational appeals; vivid language, emotional language and numerous sensory details.

23. Ethos, Logos, & Pathos

24. Ethos (Credibility) Convinced of something based on the character of the author. We tend to believe people whom we respect.

25. Ethos • Ethos (Credibility), or ethical appeal, means convincing by the character of the author. We tend to believe people whom we respect. One of the central problems of argumentation is to project an impression to the reader that you are someone worth listening to, in other words making yourself as author into an authority on the subject of the paper, as well as someone who is likable and worthy of respect. • Ethos (Greek for 'character') refers to the trustworthiness or credibility of the writer or speaker. Ethos is often conveyed through tone and style of the message and through the way the writer or speaker refers to differing views. It can also be affected by the writer's reputation as it exists independently from the message--his or her expertise in the field, his or her previous record or integrity, and so forth. The impact of ethos is often called the argument's 'ethical appeal' or the 'appeal from credibility.'

26. Example of Ethos Michael Jordan became the spokesperson for Nike - it was an ethical appeal because it implied that if a person wore that sneaker, they could be as good an athlete as Michael Jordan. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NxF3ipUEHE

27. Example of Ethos 9 out of 10 dentists recommend using Blah BlahBlah brand of toothpaste. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=99T-iGcii8U

28. Example of Ethos

29. Ethos in Writing • "My three decades of experience in public service, my tireless commitment to the people of this community, and my willingness to reach across the aisle and cooperate with the opposition, make me the ideal candidate for your mayor." • "The veterinarian says that an Australian shepherd will be the perfect match for our active lifestyle." • "If his years as a Marine taught him anything, it’s that caution is the best policy in this sort of situation." • "You know me – I’ve taught Sunday School at your church for years, babysat your children, and served as a playground director for many summers."

30. Logos (Logic) Persuading by the use of reasoning, facts, and statistics

31. Logos • Logos(Logical) means persuading by the use of reasoning. This will be the most important technique we will study, and Aristotle's favorite. We will discuss what makes an effective, persuasive reason to back up your claims. Giving reasons is the heart of argumentation, and cannot be emphasized enough. • Logos (Greek for 'word') refers to the internal consistency of the message--the clarity of the claim, the logic of its reasons, and the effectiveness of its supporting evidence. The impact of logos on an audience is sometimes called the argument's logical appeal.

32. Examples of Logo • http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/15/health/amoeba-case-florida-warning/index.html

33. Example of Logos • Toyota Hybrid • http://www.ispot.tv/ad/7VLR/toyota-fuel-efficient-hybrid-cars • Water Conservation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYBLA5cDHu8

34. Logos in Writing • "The data is perfectly clear: this investment has consistently turned a profit year-over-year, even in spite of market declines in other areas." • "Ladies and gentlemen of the jury: we have not only the fingerprints, the lack of an alibi, a clear motive, and an expressed desire to commit the robbery… We also have video of the suspect breaking in. The case could not be more open and shut." • Research compiled by analysts from NASA, as well as organizations from five other nations with space programs, suggests that a moon colony is viable with international support."

35. Pathos (Emotion) When an author persuades the reader by appealing to our emotions (makes us sad, makes us laugh, etc.)

36. Pathos • Pathos (Emotional) means persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions. We can look at texts ranging from classic essays to contemporary advertisements to see how pathos, emotional appeals, are used to persuade. Language choice affects the audience's emotional response, and emotional appeal can effectively be used to enhance an argument. • Pathos (Greek for 'suffering' or 'experience') is often associated with emotional appeal. But a better equivalent might be 'appeal to the audience's sympathies and imagination.' An appeal to pathos causes an audience not just to respond emotionally but to identify with the writer's point of view--to feel what the writer feels. In this sense, pathos evokes a meaning implicit in the verb 'to suffer'--to feel pain imaginatively.... Perhaps the most common way of conveying a pathetic appeal is through narrative or story, which can turn the abstractions of logic into something palpable and present. The values, beliefs, and understandings of the writer are implicit in the story and conveyed imaginatively to the reader. Pathos thus refers to both the emotional and the imaginative impact of the message on an audience, the power with which the writer's message moves the audience to decision or action.

37. Examples of Pathos • SPCA Commercials • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEOOZDbMrgE • Coffee Commercials (son coming home for Christmas)

38. Examples of Pathos

39. Example of Pathos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymmHvlKzTX8

40. Pathos in Writing • "You will never be satisfied in life if you don’t seize this opportunity. Do you want to live the rest of your years yearning to know what would have happened if you just jumped when you had the chance?“ • There’s no price that can be placed on peace of mind. Our advanced security systems will protect the well-being of your family so that you can sleep soundly at night." • "Better men than us have fought and died to preserve this great nation. Now is our turn to return the favor. For God and country, gentlemen!“ • St Crispin Day • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luqr-UX_oSM • Braveheart • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEOOZDbMrgE

41. Putting them together… Seldom is any one statement an example of only one appeal. "As your doctor, I have to tell you that if you don't stop smoking, you're going to die.“ This statement combines all three appeals. • Logos – reasoning/logic…smoking causes serious health issues • Ethos – credibility…a doctor • Pathos – emotions…people don’t want to die

42. I have a dream speech • Follow along in the handout provided. On a sheet of paper, list examples of Logos, Pathos, and Ethos. • http://dailycaller.com/2013/08/28/watch-martin-luther-king-jr-s-i-have-a-dream-speech-video/

43. Parts of Speech

44. NOUN a person, place, thing or idea • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qk4N5kkifGQ • Common Noun:  The name of a person, place, thing or idea.  Common nouns are not capitalized. (Examples: country, supermarket, car, river) • Proper Noun:  The name of a particular person, place, thing or idea. Proper nouns are always capitalized. (Examples: England, Publix, Honda, Mississippi River)

45. Verb a word that expresses action or shows mere existence • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cftcj9IYa1U

46. Verbs • An actionverb expresses action. It tells what a person or a thing does. (Examples: Muskrats swim in marshes. We built a fantastic sandcastle.) • A linkingverb links the subject of the sentence with information about it. Sometimes linking verbs are called "state-of-being” verbs. (Examples: Jeremy is tired. The apple was sweet.) • An auxiliary verb goes with another verb. Also called "helping verbs" because they introduce or "help out" the main verb. (Example: We should dig for buried treasure.)

47. Pronoun A word that takes the place of a noun • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eu1ciVFbecw

48. Pronoun/Antecedent An antecedent is a noun to which the pronoun refers. (Examples: Even though the party was fun, it was crowded. IT=pronoun PARTY= antecedent)

49. Reciprocal Pronouns • reciprocal (adj.): given or done in return; [grammar] expressing mutual action • We use reciprocal pronouns when each of two or more subjects is acting in the same way towards the other. For example, A is talking to B, and B is talking to A. So we say: • A and B are talking to each other. • The action is "reciprocated". John talks to Mary and Mary talks to John. I give you a present and you give me a present. The dog bites the cat and the cat bites the dog. • There are only two reciprocal pronouns, and they are both two words: • each other • one another

50. Reciprocal Pronouns • When we use these reciprocal pronouns: • there must be two or more people, things or groups involved (so we cannot use reciprocal pronouns with I, you [singular], he/she/it), and • they must be doing the same thing • Look at these examples: • John and Mary love each other. • Peter and David hate each other. • The ten prisoners were all blaming one another. • Both teams played hard against each other. • We gave each other gifts. • Why don't you believe each other?