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Management of Nonpoint Sources

Management of Nonpoint Sources. Provided to Dr. G. Powell by Dr. D. Monreau, NCSU for this website. Problems Associated with Agriculture. Destruction of Riparian Buffers. Agricultural runoff directly into streams. application. export. uptake. Excess = application - uptake.

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Management of Nonpoint Sources

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  1. Management of Nonpoint Sources Provided to Dr. G. Powell by Dr. D. Monreau, NCSU for this website

  2. Problems Associated with Agriculture

  3. Destruction of Riparian Buffers

  4. Agricultural runoff directly into streams

  5. application export uptake Excess = application - uptake Runoff of nutrients from row crops and forage crops

  6. Streambank erosion

  7. Feedlot runoff

  8. Access to streams by cattle

  9. Best Management Practicesfor Management of Erosion and Nutrient Loss Sources: * Alberta Agriculture http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/agdex/500/72000003.html * Chad M. Cook, Wisc. Dept. of Natural Resources, 1999. * NC Dept of Environment and Natural Resources

  10. Vegetated Buffers

  11. Conservation Tillage Bare soils are very vulnerable to erosion. A crop residue cover protects the soil.

  12. Maintain Crop Residue Cover

  13. Proper Use of Land Wooded areas with poor soils and steep slopes can be managed as woodlots.

  14. Proper Use of Land Steeply sloped land can be used for forage production.

  15. Reduce Tillage Use No-Till or Direct Seeding Both a disc drill (left) and an air drill (right) work well for direct seeding into sod.

  16. Fallow fields with no residue cover are very erosion prone. Conservation fallow maintains a crop residue cover to protect the soil.

  17. Grow Forages and Use Crop Rotations Forage crops protect and improve the soil. Legumes protect the soil and add nitrogen and organic matter.

  18. Stabilize Drainage Channels Eroded Gully Installing erosion control matting to create a lined channel. After seeding the lined channel.

  19. Contouring Terraces intercept runoff. Cross-section of one type of terrace.

  20. Management Agencies and Programs

  21. Federal • FIFRA – Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act • USDA - 1985 and 1990 Farm Bills • Conservation Reserve, Sodbuster, Swampbuster, Conservation Easement, Wetland Reserve • Resource Conservation and Recovery Act - solid waste • Clean Water Act - Section 404

  22. Management of PesticidesFederal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act • All pesticides must be registered with the EPA • EPA decides whether there are unreasonable adverse effects on the environment by taking into account economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of the pesticide use based on the data submitted by the manufacturer . • a certified applicator to be present during the use of a restricted pesticide - records must be kept. • Penalties: • $5,000 civil fine for modification of labeling required by FIFRA or by failing to comply with recordkeeping, reporting and inspection requirements. • Criminal penalties for knowing violations or submission of fraudulent

  23. NPS Management Agencies in NC • Div. of Water Quality, DENR for general water quality, urban runoff, wetlands and groundwater • Classification of streams • Water supply watershed protection • Supplemental classifications of streams (High Quality Waters, Outstanding Resource Waters, Nutrient Sensitive Waters) • Urban stormwater • Soil and Water Conservation Commission and related county Soil and Water Conservation Districts for agriculture • Livestock operations • Ag cost-share program

  24. NPS Management Agencies in NC (cont.)

  25. Farm by Farm Accounting Model • Developed by NRCS • Adapted and implemented by a state if it choose to do so.

  26. Nitrogen Loss Estimation Worksheet InputsAssignment or Calculation Soil series Soil Management Group (drainage, soil depth, and texture) Crops and acreage Realistic yield expectation (RYE) Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Crop (see table on next slide) Current N rate, Partition N between RYE source and timing and Excess BMPs, acreages affected, and related efficiency Export of N to stream (values in table)

  27. Source: Tar-Pamlico Accounting Method, NC Div. of Water Quality, 2002

  28. Efficiencies of BMP’s

  29. Wisconsin’s Agricultural BMP’s for Reducing Phosphorous • Phosphorous Sediment • BMP ReductionReduction Cost • Conservation Tillage 15-85% 15-90% $9-26/ac/yr4 • Contour farming similar 30-50% $4/ac/yr • Contour strip cropping to sediment 40-75% $5-6/ac/yr • Barnyard diversions 9% potentially $373/yr • Roof gutters 44% high $174/yr • Filter strips 62% 74% $20-25/ac/yr • Created wetlands 15-99% 65-97% $467-2337/ac/yr • Sediment basins TP > SP 97% low • Grassed waterways 30% 80% $447/ac/yr • Stream fencing med-high 40% $0.15/ft/yr • Animal waste storage • structures 90% low $12-117/cow/yr • Nutrient management strategies potentially high $4-13/ac/yr Source: Chad M. Cook, Wisc. Dept. of Natural Resources, 1999.

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