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Verb Types and Forms: Lexical and Auxiliary Verbs

Learn about the different types of lexical and auxiliary verbs, how they are classified based on their complements and forms, and the ordering of verbs in a sequence. Understand the tense marking and agreement between subject and verb. Discover the syntactic processes involving verbs and the unique functions of auxiliary verbs.

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Verb Types and Forms: Lexical and Auxiliary Verbs

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  1. Meeting 6 Lecture 6a: Verb Types and Verb Forms

  2. Verb Types & Verb Forms • Lexical verbs • classified according to their complements • forms in which they appear • tensed forms • untensed forms • Auxiliary verbs • classified according to their functions & complements • forms in which they appear • tensed • untensed • Order of verbs in a sequence of verbs

  3. Types of lexical verbs defined in terms of their complements S NP AUX VP HEAD: V

  4. VP INTRANSITIVE 'die' no complement phrase V VP PCS COMPLEX INTRANSITIVE 'become' V NP/AdjP VP DO TRANSITIVE 'chase' V NPI

  5. VP DITRANSITIVE 'give' V NPI NPJ IO DO VP COMPLEX TRANSITIVE 'consider' V NPI NP/AdjP DO PCO

  6. VP INTRANSITIVE WITH PPC 'rely' V PP PPC VP TRANSITIVE WITH PPC 'put' V NPI PP DO PPC

  7. INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE no DO complement DO complement +/- PCS +/- PCS +/- PPC +/- PPC +/- IO +/- PCO

  8. VERB FORMS Tense-marking Not Tense-marking past past participle present gerund participle plain third person singular plain

  9. AGREEMENT: Special relationship between Subject NP & Tense S SUBJECT: NP TENSE:AUX PREDICATE:VP I/you/we/they PRESENT walk he/she/it PRESENT walks PAST walked TENSED VERB FORMS

  10. S NP AUX VP PRESENT I/you/we/they do walk he/she/it does walk PAST did walk PLAIN UNTENSED AUX do

  11. S NP AUX VP PRESENT you/we/they are walking he/she/it is walking I am walking PAST I/he/she/it was walking you/we/they were walking GERUND PARTICIPLE PROGRESSIVE be

  12. S NP AUX VP PRESENT you/we/they are sighted he/she/it is sighted I am sighted PAST you/we/they were sighted I/he/she/it was sighted PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE be

  13. S NP AUX VP PRESENT I/you/we/they dowalk he/she/it doeswalk PAST didwalk PLAIN UNTENSED AUX do

  14. S NP AUX VP PRESENT can/willwalk PAST could/wouldwalk MODAL AUX PLAIN UNTENSED

  15. S NP AUX VP PRESENT you/we/they are walking he/she/it is walking I am walking PAST I/he/she/it was walking you/we/they were walking GERUND PARTICIPLE PROGRESSIVE be

  16. S NP AUX VP PRESENT I/you/we/they have walked he/she/it has walked PAST had walked PAST PARTICIPLE PERFECT have

  17. S NP AUX VP PRESENT you/we/they are sighted he/she/it is sighted I am sighted PAST you/we/they were sighted I/he/she/it was sighted PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE be

  18. Ordering of auxiliary and lexical verbs • auxiliary verbs are in AUX • lexical verbs are in VP • AUX precedes VP in English, hence auxiliary verbs precede lexical verb • only one lexical verb may head the VP • AUX may contain more than one auxiliary verb (except if auxiliary is do) • Strict ordering of auxiliary verb types

  19. John ate John must eat. (*John eat must) John has eaten (*John eaten has) John must have eaten (*John have must eaten) John must have been eating John must have been being eaten modal > perfect > progressive > passive > LEXICAL

  20. What determines a verb's form? • First verb must mark TENSE distinction • Modal (and AUX do) must mark TENSE • TENSE is only marked once • MODAL must be followed by PLAIN (untensed) • PERFECT must be followed by PAST PARTICIPLE • PROGRESSIVE must be followed by GERUND PARTICIPLE • PASSIVE must be followed by PAST PARTICIPLE

  21. In the next lecture...... • syntactic processes involving verbs • what auxiliary verbs can do that lexical verbs cannot

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