English Language Usage Essentials

1. English Language Usage Essentials

2. Applied Grammar and usage • Language • Phonemes • Grapheme • Morphemes • Words • Sentence

3. PARTS OF SPEECH The 8 “building blocks” of the English language…

4. Noun A naming word, a noun is a word used as a name of a person , place , animal , quality, thing or an idea. E.g. Simran studies well. I went to Agra. The dog is a faithful animal. Honesty is the best policy. The mat is made of woolen thread. She is full of arrogance. Simran, my friend who lives in Agra, has a dog who is so full of arrogance that it refuses to sleep on mat.

5. Classification of Noun

6. Abstract – Words that refers to events , feelings, concept , qualities etc. that cannot be perceived through our senses.E.g.-Thefreedomthat they felt after leaving prison was priceless.**freedom: a concept that cannot be perceived through our senses.Concrete—Words that represents object that can be perceived through our senses.E.g.- This is my house.** House : anindividual object that can be seen or touched.

7. Proper NounMaterial Noun Countable Common Noun UncountableCollective Noun

8. Let’s Try.. • Laughter is a good medicine. • Suddenly, the mob started chasing us. • Saurav Ganguly was an inspirational captain. • I have one sister. • Milk is good for health. • India is a great country. • Prabha has table of teak wood.

9. Pronouns • A Pronoun is a word that replaces a noun . This noun is known as antecedent. E.g. : Reena is Ravi’s elder sister. She helps him in his studies. ** the pronouns she , him and his take place of Reena and Ravi. Reena and Ravi are the antecedents.

10. Classification of Pronoun Pronouns Personal Indefinite Demonstrative Interrogative

11. Personal Pronouns

12. Indefinite Pronoun

13. Demonstrative Pronoun

14. Interrogative Pronoun

15. Let’s Try • She and I are the best friends. • Many of them were hurt. • Who is knocking at the door? • This bag is mine. • We discussed the problem amongst ourselves. • The watch which you gave me is lost.

16. QUIZ.. • 1. Give me the ball. It's ……… . 2. Look at the monkey ! ……. is big. 3. Listen to Daisy ! ……….is English. 4. He washes his clothes ………. . 5. The green socks are ……… . 6. Listen to M. Lamotte. ………. is the French teacher. 7. We have got a house. It is …….. 8. They have got a dog. It is ………. 9. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson are English. …….. speak English. 10. Kate and I don't know. ………… don't understand.

17. Identify the nouns Francis Macomber had, half an hour before, been carried to his tent from the edge of the camp in triumph on the arms and shoulders of the cook, the personal boys, the skinner and the porters. The gun-bearers had taken no part in the demonstration. When the native boys put him down at the door of his tent, he had shaken all their hands, received their congratulations, and then gone into the tent and sat on the bed until his wife came in. She did not speak to him when she came in and he left the tent at once to wash his face and hands in the portable wash basin outside and go over to the dining tent to sit in a comfortable canvas chair in the breeze and the shade.

18. Let’s check … • Francis Macomber had, half an hour before, been carried to his tent from the edge of the camp in triumph on the arms and shoulders of the cook, the personal boys, the skinner and the porters. The gun-bearers had taken no part in the demonstration. When the native boys put him down at the door of his tent, he had shaken all their hands, received their congratulations, and then gone into the tent and sat on the bed until his wife came in. She did not speak to him when she came in and he left the tent at once to wash his face and hands in the portable wash basin outside and go over to the dining tent to sit in a comfortable canvas chair in the breeze and the shade.

19. Verbs • A Verb is a word that tells or asserts something about a person or thing. • Verb ( latin word). • A Verb may tells us – What a person or thing does… What is done to a person or thing… What a person or thing is … E.g-- I play football. We eat pasta.

20. Classification of Verbs Verb Main verb Helping verb Based on object Based on action/state Based on past forms Linking Auxiliary Transitive Dynamic Principal Modal Regular Stative Intransitive Irregular

21. Adverb • An Adverb is a word which modifies(or adds to) the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb. • E.g. Rahul runs quickly.(modifies the verb run) The old woman walked slowly. Zaheer Khan is a fast bowler.

22. Kinds of Adverbs • Adverbs of time • Adverbs of frequency • Adverbs of place • Adverbs of manner • Adverbs of degree • Adverbs of affirmation or negation • Adverbs of reason.

23. 1. Adverbs of time (shows when) E.g. – We shall now begin to work I hurt my knee yesterday.* then , immediately, everyday ,soon , already ,never , tomorrow, now , etc.2. Adverbs of frequency (shows how often) E.g. – He often makes mistakes. I have told you twice.* always , never , ever , seldom , frequently , etc.3. Adverbs of place (shows where) E.g. – Sakshi is going outside God is everywhere.* here , there , away , inside , outside etc.

24. Adverbs of manner (shows in what manner or how) E.g.—Vishal fought bravely.He writes clearly.* beautifully , melodiously , stupidly , etc.Adverbs of degree (shows how much or to what extent) E.g.– These mangoes are almost ripe. I am fully prepared.* too , almost , nearly , fully , partly etc.

25. Adverbs of affirmation or negation E.g. – I’ll certainly help you. We will definitely be there.* certainly , surely , positively , no etc.Adverbs of reason ( shows why) E.g. – He therefore left the college.Thus , the theorem is proved.*so , since , because , for , hence etc.

26. AdjectivesA word used to add to the meaning of a Noun or Pronoun is an Adjective.E.g.– Priya is a clever girl .(Girl of what kind ?) Thirty passengers were killed in the accident. (how many ?)

28. I walked through the snow. + ADJECTIVE. I walked through the freezing cold snow. Adjectives are describing words

29. The boy ran down the street +ADJECTIVE The naughtyboy ran down the street. Adjectives are describing words

30. I put on my jumper. +ADJECTIVE I put on mysoft colourful jumper. Adjectives are describing words

31. They went in to the pool. + ADJECTIVE They went in to thedeep pool. Adjectives are describing words

32. Dad walked down the street. + ADJECTIVE Dad walked down the quiet narrowstreet. Adjectives are describing words

33. The lady sang a song. +ADJECTIVE The glamorous lady sang a song. Adjectives are describing words

34. Kinds of Adjective • Adjective of Quality • (good, Adjective bad , wonderful ,stupid) • Adjective of Quantity (much , little , enough , all, any, whole, sufficient) • Adjective of Numbers ( cardinal- one, two, three and ordinal- first, second , third) • Demonstrative Adjective (this, that, those) • Interrogative Adjective (which, what , whose)

35. ExamplesI entered a dark room (quality).He has little intelligence (quantity).Sunday is the first day of the week (number).Bring that bag (demonstrative).Whose book is this ?(interrogative).

36. Prepositions The word Preposition (pre + position) means ‘that which is positioned or placed before’. It is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show relation between the noun or pronoun and some other word in a sentence. It may tell you where a thing is in relation to something else

37. Kinds of Preposition • Simple Preposition  (in, on, at, to, from, with, by, about, over, under, off, of, for, etc.) • Compound Preposition (about, across, among, beside, before, above, along, inside, between, around, behind, below, beneath, etc.) • Phrase Preposition (according to, an account of, in spite of, in front of, for the sake of, in order to, by means of, with reference to, in addition to, due to, etc.) • Participle Preposition (assuming, considering, barring, given, concerning, notwithstanding, pending, during, regarding, respected, provided, etc.) • Double Preposition ( into, onto, outside of, out of, within, from behind, because of, etc.)

38. Preposition • Place of Prepositions • Time of Prepositions • Direction of Prepositions

39. Prepositions of Place • Some prepositions show where something happens. They are called prepositions of place. • Examples:- • Sanny was sittingundera tree. • There’s a wooden floor underneaththe carpet. • Some geese flew overtheir house. • John and Sarah were hiding insidethe wardrobe. • There was a tree beside the river. • I have a friend who lives inAmerica.

40. Prepositions of Time • Some prepositions show when something happens. They are called prepositions of time. • Examples:- • School startsatnine o’clock. • We’re going to the zoo onSaturday. • No, you can’t watch a video. It’spast your bedtime already. • I visited my grandparents during the summer. • You must finish the work by Friday. • I’ll do my homework before dinner.

41. Prepositions of Direction • Some prepositions show where something is going. They are called prepositions of direction. • Examples:- • The boys chased after each other. • The football rolled down the hill. • A man was walking his dog along the riverbank. • The freeway goes right through the city. • We were travelling towards Miami.

42. Prepositions

43. TRY THIS: 1. A cat was sitting _______the roof of my car. (place) 2. Some people were talking ___the movie. (time) 3. A man was coming____ us on his bike. (direction) 4. The party starts_____ six o’clock. (time) 5. She put the book ____her bag. (place) 6. We walked____ the street to the park. (place) 7. She keeps her slippers____ her bed. (place) 8. We always wash our hands ____meals. (time) 9. She ran ____the dog because she was frightened. (direction)

44. Conjunction • A Conjunction is a word or phrase that joins together words or sentences or parts of a sentences. E.g. Two and two make four Priya is beautiful but Simran is ugly. The man is poor but honest.

45. Kinds of Conjunction • Coordinating Conjunction : The sentence contains two independent statements or two statements of equal rank or importance.( F = for A = and N = nor B = but O = or Y = yet S = so) • Subordinating conjunction: • The sentence contains two statements or clauses one of which is dependent on the other. (After, Although , As, As soon as, Because , Before , By the time , Even if , Even though , If , In case, Now that , Since, So that ,Unless , Until , When ,Whenever , Whether or not ,While , Why Correlative conjunction: • Some conjunctions combine with other words to form correlative conjunctions. They always travel in pairs, joining sentence parts that should be treated as equal. ( Both / and, Either / or, Hardly / when, If / then , Just as / so , Neither / nor , Not only / but also , No sooner / than , Not / but , Rather / than , Scarcely / when , What with / and , Whether / or

48. The Interjection An interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling and emotion . It is always followed by the exclamation mark. Interjections may express – Joy ………..Hurray ! Grief……….Alas ! Surprise …..Oh ! Approval……Bravo !

49. Word of the day Temerity

50. Temerity (noun) • Pronunciation : /tɪˈmɛrɪti/ • Definition : excessive confidence or boldness; audacity. • Synonyms : boldness, audaciousness, impudence, impertinence, gall, presumption, brazenness, forwardness, rashness. • E.g. - Misbehaved children have the temerity to challenge rules. • No one had the temerity to question his conclusions.