Water On Earth

1. Water On Earth Chapter 10, Section 1

2. There are two types of water. Can you name them? Fresh Water Salt Water

3. On a sheet of paper: • Write your name • Title your paper: Water Smart Quiz • Write today’s date • Number 1-10

4. Essential Questions Ch 10 Sec 1 How does Earth’s water move through the water cycle? Where are fresh water and salt water found on Earth?

5. What makes Earth so unique? It is the only planet covered mainly by water It is the only place where all the things we know about can survive. Life on Earth could not exist without water.

6. The Water Cycle Has no beginning or end Is powered by the Sun Naturally recycles our water Water moves from bodies of water, land, and living things on Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back to Earth’s surface

7. Steps of the Water Cycle Evaporation – liquid water changes to gas (water vapor). Water evaporates from lakes and oceans, and from soil and plants Condensation – water vapor cools and changes back to liquid water. There must be something (like dust particles) for water vapor to condense on. Precipitation – rain, snow, sleet, or hail falling to Earth from clouds. Happens when water droplets grow large enough and heavy enough to fall to Earth.

8. The Water Cycle

9. Where is all the Water? • Most of Earth’s water – 97% - is salt water found in oceans • 3% of Earth’s water is fresh water. • ¾ of the 3% fresh water is frozen in ice caps and glaciers • ¼ of the 3% fresh water is underground • A tiny bit of the fresh water is in lakes and rivers • The Great Lakes contain nearly 20% of all lake water • An even smaller amount is in the atmosphere

10. Distribution of Earth’s Water

11. Oceans • There are four: • Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic • There is actually a 5th ocean now, called the Southern Ocean, which is the waters above Antarctica • All the waters are connected so there is one gigantic ocean

12. Surface Water Chapter 10, Section 2

13. Essential Questions Ch 10 Sec 2 What is a river system? What are the characteristics of ponds and lakes? What are three types of wetlands and why are they important?

14. Surface Water includes: Rivers Ponds Lakes Wetlands

15. Rivers • Begin as small streams (often in mountains where snow melts and runs downhill) • Terms • Tributaries – streams and small rivers that feed into a main river • Watersheds – the land surrounding a main river that feeds water to that river. AKA drainage basins • Divides – a ridge of land that separates watersheds. The Continental Divide follows the line of the Rocky Mountains.

16. - Surface Water What is the largest watershed in the US?

17. - Surface Water

18. Sea Level and Streams

19. Rivers with Many Meanders

20. Ponds Bodies of fresh, still water Ponds are smaller and shallower than lakes. Sunlight usually reaches to the bottom of all parts of a pond. Plants usually grow on the bottom. Ponds form when water collects in low-lying areas of land.

21. - Surface Water Life in a Pond

22. Lakes • Generally lakes are much deeper and bigger than ponds. Sunlight does not reach the bottom in a deep lake. Plants don’t grow on the bottom. • Lakes can form naturally or can be man-made. • Glaciers can cut through the Earth then melt (the Great Lakes) • Crustal movements can cause deep valleys that fill with water (Lake Victoria in Africa) • Volcanoes can erupt and block a river and form a lake • Empty volcano craters can fill with water to become lakes • People build dams across rivers to make lakes (for drinking water, irrigating fields, recreation). • Lakes that store water for human use are called reservoirs

23. Wetlands • A land area that is covered with water during part or all of the year • Helps control floods and provides habitats for many species • Three types of freshwater wetlands: • Marshes – grassy areas covered by shallow water • Swamps – look like flooded forests with trees and shrubs sprouting from the water; usually in warm, humid climates • Bogs – contains mostly mosses because water is usually acidic; found in cooler northern areas; often formed in depressions left by melting ice sheets thousands of years ago • Coastal wetlands contain both fresh and salt water • Salt marshes – found along both coasts of the US; have tall, strong grasses • Mangrove forests – found along the southeastern coast of the US; mangrove trees are short and have thick, tangled roots

24. Wetlands (continued) • Name a famous swamp near us. • The Okefenokee Swamp in south Georgia – translation from Indian: “Land of the Trembling Earth” • Name a famous large wetland area south of us. • The Everglades in south Florida. • Wetlands naturally filter water and help control floods by absorbing extra runoff from heavy rains. • Governments have passed laws to protect wetlands because of their value to Earth

25. - Wetland Environmentss Wetlands of Florida

26. Using Freshwater Resources Chapter 10 Section 4

27. Essential Questions Ch 10 Sec 4 How do people use water? What are some ways to conserve available fresh water? How do scientists classify sources of water pollution?

28. - Water Supply and Demand

29. How do people use water? • Household purposes • Toilets, laundry, cooking, showers, washing cars, watering the lawn, washing dishes • Industry • To cool machinery, produce materials such as paper, toilets & sinks • Transportation • Ship items and people • Agriculture • Plants, more water is used for irrigation in the US than any other single purpose • Recreation • Fishing, boating, skiing, swimming, snow skiing, ice skating

30. Water Issues: No one owns the water. We all have to share it while we are here and remember to leave it usable for the future Water shortages happen when there is too little precipitation or people use it up too fast, or a combination of both.

31. Conservation of water: Reduce water use Recycle water Reuse water Look at page 338 for ways to conserve water at home and school. Industries and agriculture have worked and continue to work to reduce their water usage.

32. - Water Supply and Demand

33. Pollution • The addition of any substance that has a negative effect on water or the living things that depend on the water • Substances that cause water pollution are called pollutants • Sources of pollution are classified by how they enter the water • Point source – a specific source of pollution • Nonpoint source – a widespread source that can’t be tied to a specific point of origin (runoff from fields, streets, or construction sites) • Look at page 340 and identify ways to reduce pollution

34. - Freshwater Pollution

35. - Freshwater Pollution

36. - Freshwater Pollution

37. Review • Where is most of Earth’s water located? • In the oceans • What percentage of Earth is covered in water? • Approximately 75% • Where is most fresh water located? • In ice caps and glaciers • Huge areas that drain water into a main river are called ____________. • Watersheds or drainage basins • What is water conservation? • Reducing, reusing, and recycling water • What is water pollution? Why do we care? • Chemicals that change our water negatively. We care because we only have a very small amount available for drinking and if it is polluted, we have less to use.

38. Answers to Section 1 Essential Questions: • How does Earth’s water move through the water cycle? • The Sun powers the water cycle and causes evaporation, condensation, transpiration, and precipitation. • Where are fresh water and salt water found on Earth? • Salt water is found in oceans and some lakes. Fresh water is found in the ground, in rivers, lakes, ponds, ice, and the atmosphere.

39. Answers to Section 2 Essential Questions: • What is a river system? • All of the streams and small rivers that drain a watershed and flow into one main river make up a river system. • What are the characteristics of ponds and lakes? • Ponds are small and shallow with habitats from surface to bottom. Lakes are much larger and don’t usually have habitats at the bottom due to lack of sunlight. • What are three types of wetlands and why are they important? • Marshes, swamps, and bogs are important because they help control floods by absorbing flood waters, they filter water to clean it, and offer habitats to many living things.

40. Answers to Section 4 Essential Questions: • How do people use water? • Water is used for cooking, cleaning, personal hygiene, farming, factories, recreation. • What are some ways to conserve available fresh water? • Turn off water when brushing teeth, take shorter showers, flush only when needed, factories reuse water when possible, farmers irrigate responsibly. • How do scientists classify sources of water pollution? • As point or nonpoint source, based upon the location of entrance of the pollutant.