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Unveiling Earth's Changes: From Weathering to Volcanoes

Explore Earth’s dynamic surface changes through weathering, erosion, and volcanic activities. Discover the impact of plate tectonics, volcanoes, and earthquakes in shaping our planet. Delve into the forces that constantly reshape our world.

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Unveiling Earth's Changes: From Weathering to Volcanoes

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  1. Changing Earth’s Surface Weathering and Erosion

  2. Changes to Earth’s Surface • Earth’s crust is constantly in a process of change • Weathering • Erosion • Deposition

  3. Weathering • The process by which rocks are broken down into small pieces called sediment • Caused by • Wind • Water • Glaciers • Meteorites

  4. Erosion • Occurs when weathered material is carried away by wind or water • Responsible for some of our most impressive natural monuments • Example—The Grand Canyon

  5. Deposition • Occurs when sediment is dropped off at a new location • Wind or water slows down or comes to a stop • Example—River Delta

  6. Changing Earth’s Surface Volcanoes

  7. Plate Tectonics • Theory that the lithosphere is divided into plates that are always moving • Pangaea • Supercontinent that once existed over 350 million years ago • Evidence: Puzzle piece fit of the continents, fossil and soil matches on different continents • Responsible for the formation of volcanoes and earthquakes

  8. Volcanoes • Form when magma rises to Earth’s surface • Pyroclastic Flow • Ashes, Gases, and Magma that ooze or explode from volcanoes • Can form at divergent boundaries or subduction zones

  9. Divergent Volcanoes • Plates above the asthenosphere separate • Magma rises up • As lava cools, new crust is formed • May be oozing or explosive

  10. Divergent Volcano

  11. Subduction Volcanoes • Formed when a denser ocean plate sinks under a lighter plate (either ocean or land) • Magma comes to the surface

  12. Shield Volcano • Broad and flat volcano • Resemble a shield laying on its side • Built up slowly over thousands of years, most often in layers of hardened lava • Mostly ooze lava from vents • Example—Mauna Loa, Hawaii

  13. Composite Volcano • Formed of alternating layers of ashes and hardened lava • May be dormant for many years before exploding rapidly or may ooze for thousands of years • Example—Crater Lake, OR

  14. Cinder Cone • Formed from blobs of congealed lava in a simple cone shape • Capable of violent explosions • Bowl-shaped crater at the summit • Example—Paricutin, Mexico

  15. Changing Earth’s Surface Earthquakes

  16. World Earthquake Map

  17. Earthquakes • Energy released from the snap and slide of Earth’s crust at a fault line • Fault • 2 or more plates slide past one another • Focus • Point inside Earth where an Earthquake begins • Epicenter • Point on Earth’s surface where Earthquake waves begin

  18. 3 Types of Seismic Waves • Primary (P) Waves • Fastest and Smallest Waves • Secondary (S) Waves • Medium Waves • Surface (R) Waves • Slowest and Most Dangerous Waves

  19. Earthquake Waves • Measured with a seismograph • Scaled using the Richter Scale • Scale of 1-10 • 1 = least amount of damage • 10 = greatest amount of damage

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