Understanding Hormones and Endocrine System Essence

1. Chapter 45Hormones and the Endocrine System A hormone called ecdysteroid regulates the timing of metamorphosis in this anise swallowtail butterfly.

2. You must know: • _______ ways ________________ affect target organs. • The secretion, target, action, and regulation of at least 3 hormones. • An illustration of both positive and negative feedback in the regulation of homeostasis by hormones.

3. Types of Intercellular Signaling WORD BANK: Paracrine Autocrine Synaptic Endocrine Neuroendocrine (new)

4. Endocrine System= Hormone-secreting cells + Tissues • Endocrine glands: ________________, secrete hormones directly into body fluids • Hormones: chemical signals that cause a response in _______________________ (receptor proteins for specific hormones) • Affects 1 tissue, a few, or most tissues in body • Or affect other endocrine glands (tropic hormones) • Regulation by ____________________________

7. Types of Hormones Peptide Steroid ______________ -soluble _________ cell & binds to _____________________receptors Causes change in ________ ____________________ (protein synthesis) ______________ response ________________ life Eg. androgens (testosterone), estrogen, progesterone, cortisol • ______________-soluble • Bind to receptors on ____________________& triggers signal transduction pathway • Affects protein activity ______________________in cell • ______________ response • ___________ -lived • Eg. oxytocin, insulin, epinephrine

9. Epinephrine: ____ hormone  _____ effects • Liver cells break down glycogen and release glucose • Blood vessels to skeletal muscles dilate • Blood vessels to intestines constrict

10. Master Glands

11. Master Glands • ________ info from nerves and brain • Initiates _______________ signals Hypothalamus • Posterior pituitary gland: • _____________: contract uterine muscles, eject milk in nursing • _________________________: promote H2O retention by kidneys Pituitary Gland • Anterior pituitary gland: • __________________________________ development of ovarian follicles (eggs); promote sperm production • ______________________________trigger ovulation; stimulate testosterone production in testes

12. Hypothalamus regulation of Posterior Pituitary gland

13. Hypothalamus regulation of Anterior Pituitary gland

14. Negative feedback systems: • ________________ hormones • Blood _________levels • Blood _________ levels • Positive feedback system: • ______________ (birthing process; release of milk/suckling)

15. High blood glucose Control of Blood Glucose Body cells take up glucose Liver stores glucose as _________________ ____________released from pancreas Liver breaks down glycogen and releases _________ into blood Blood glucose ________ __________released from pancreas

16. Diabetes Mellitus • Type I diabetes (10%):deficiency of insulin • __________________-dependent • __________________ disorder  beta cells of ____________________ destroyed • Type II diabetes (90%): failure of ___________________ to respond to insulin • Non-insulin dependent • Insulin _______________  cells don’t respond (defect in insulin receptor or response pathway) • Risk factors: obesity, lack of exercise

17. Thyroid Gland Hypothalamus ____________’ Disease: • Autoimmune disorder • ________________ bind to TSH receptor • ____________________ • High temp, sweating, weight loss, high BP TRH Anterior pituitary TSH Thyroid T3 T4

18. Stress and the Adrenal Gland