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Family Relationships

Family Relationships. By: Jini Curry Joshua Scott Chris Van Leeuwen. How a Family Functions. Only humans and a small handful of other species such as killer whales and monkeys form family units. Parents’ behaviors affect their child’s development.

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Family Relationships

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  1. Family Relationships By: Jini Curry Joshua Scott Chris Van Leeuwen (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2007)

  2. How a Family Functions (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2007) • Only humans and a small handful of other species such as killer whales and monkeys form family units. • Parents’ behaviors affect their child’s development. • A child can affect the parents behavior as well. An example is if a child snatches away from a parents’ reach the parents are less willing to reason and more inclined to use force.

  3. Effects on Children’s Development (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2007) • Parent conflict is harmful to the development of children. • Can cause them to become withdrawn, anxious or aggressive. • Take focus from children and place it elsewhere. • Conflict can carry from spouse to child. • Child’s feeling that family is stable is jeopardized which makes the child feel frightened or sad. • Living conditions can influence the family behavior which then in turn effects the development of the child.

  4. Effects on Children’s Development Continued (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2007) • Family arguments, when taken care of properly, can cause the child to respond positively to conflict. • Parents should work together to raise there child so that they do not become more withdrawn. • A parent’s job can affect the child. • Never having time to devote to them • Puts stressors on the parent, that they may take out on their children not meaning to.

  5. Dimensions of Parental Behavior (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2007) • Responsiveness--Quality of interaction between parent and child • Warm are affectionate • Involved and caring • Respond to emotional needs • Control--Behavior expectations set by the parent • Reasonable standards • Allows some responsibility and decision making • Monitors behavior

  6. Style of Parenting (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2007) • Authoritarian • High control with little warmth • Strict rules and guidelines without discussion • Punishment for disobedience • Expect orders to be obeyed without explanation (Baurmrind, 1991) • Effects • Anxiety and unhappiness • Low self-esteem • Anger and defiant attitude • Perform well in school • Inhibits emotional understanding and empathy (Hoffman, 1994)

  7. Styles of Parenting Continued (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2007) • Authoritative • High control and responsiveness • Rules are explained and discussed • More compassionate and reasonable punishment • Supportive discipline rather than punitive (Baumrind, 1991) • Most effective • Effects • Stronger relationship between parent and child • Happier children with higher self-esteem • Well-developed emotion regulation and social skills • Best academic performance and more school involvement • Higher family interaction (Garg, 2005)

  8. Styles of Parenting Continued (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2007) • Permissive • Also known as indulgent parents • Less demanding, high warmth and involvement • Rarely disciplines, friend rather than a parent • Nontraditional and lenient and avoiding of confrontation (Baumrind, 1991) • Effects • Low cognitive and emotional empathy development (Aunola, 2000) • Higher social confidence, self-esteem, creativity, and playfulness • Low academic achievement and school involvement • High rates of hyperactivity and aggression (Mateyer, 2009)

  9. Styles of Parenting Continued (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2007) • Uninvolved • Provides little to no control and warmth • Fulfills the child’s basic needs but nothing more • Little communication and time spent with the child • Effects • Highest rates of poverty, depression, school dropout, unemployment, and incarceration (Shumow, 1998) • Lowest academic performance and test scores • Low cognitive and emotional empathy development (Schaffer, 2009)

  10. Divorce (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2007) • Many children are affected by divorce. • Divorce does have an affect on children because it is a stressful situation with conflict. • Single parent homes • Divorce influencing development • Children affected most by divorce

  11. Children’s Lives are Affected (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2007) • Amato and Keith’s meta-analysis show school achievement, conduct, adjustment, self-concept, and parent-child relationships suffer in divorced families. • Effects increased in the 1990’s, possibly because of financial stability. (Amato, 2001) • Widening impact between single and two parent family incomes. (Amato, 2001) • Experience later issues and have negative attitudes towards marriages. (Hetherington & Kelly, 2002; Segrin, Taylor, & Altman, 2005)

  12. Single Parent Home (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2007) • Customarily, mothers receive custody with father just being involved. (Fabricius & Luecken, 2007) • Joint Custody--both parents retain legal custody of children. (Bauserman, 2002) • Recently, fathers have been given custody, especially if they have sons. (McLanahanah, 1999) • Children have a stronger relationship with same-sex parent than with the opposite-sex parent. (Zimiles & Lee, 1991) • Single-parent families have economic stresses. • Prevent children from doing extra activities (Goodman, Emery, & Haugaard, 1998) • Parent has to focus on enough money for food and has less time to devote to children.

  13. Divorce Influencing Development (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2007) • Several changes to family life when parents go separate ways. (Amato & Keith, 1991) • Loss of a role model • Loss of parental help and emotional support • Loss of a supervisor • Conflict between parents places stress on children and adolescents especially those who are insecure. (Leon, 2003) • Children in homes where both parents are present but fighting show some of the same attributes of those from divorced families. (Katz & Woodin, 2002)

  14. Children Affected Most by Divorce (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2007) • Although, there is no set difference between the way boys and girl take divorce, research shows that the impacts are worse when it occurs during childhood or adolescence. (Amato & Keith, 1991) • Some children take divorce worse because they see events negatively. (Mazur, et’al., 1999) • Ex: Father not showing up as promised • These children tend to have behavioral problems

  15. Children Affected Least by Divorce (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2007) • Children who are active problem solvers can handle the stress and adjust easier. • Explain why the divorce is occurring • Parents need to remain involved despite the circumstances • Those whose parents do not compete for their children's love and affection. • Parents who do not ask the child to mediate the situation

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