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Diplomacy and World War II 1929-1945

Diplomacy and World War II 1929-1945. Short Version. Hoover’s foreign policy-isolationist>economic sanctions. Japanese aggression-Manchuria (1931), defied open door policy and league of nations Stimson Doctrine-Honor Nine-power Treaty(1922) by refusing to recognize Manchukuo. Latin America

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Diplomacy and World War II 1929-1945

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  1. Diplomacy and World War II 1929-1945 Short Version

  2. Hoover’s foreign policy-isolationist>economic sanctions

  3. Japanese aggression-Manchuria (1931), defied open door policy and league of nations • Stimson Doctrine-Honor Nine-power Treaty(1922) by refusing to recognize Manchukuo

  4. Latin America • 1929, good will tour • Arranged the departure of US troops in Nicaragua (1933) • Negotiate treaty with Haiti to remove all US troops by 1934

  5. FDR foreign Policy (1933-1938) • Good-neighbor Policy • Dollar diplomacy-ineffective due to Great Depression=lack of resource to invest • Rise of militarist regimes (GER, ITA) prompts desire for cooperation in regional defense

  6. Montevideo, Uruguay

  7. Pan-American Conference • 1933, US delegates vow to end intervention in internal affairs of Latin Amer. • Repudiation of Roosevelt corollary • 1936-FDR personally attended • Pledged to submit further disputes to arbitration • Warned against European aggression (GER) • Cuba • 1934-nullification of Platt Amendment, retained right to Guantanamo Bay • Mexico • Reject corporate demands to seizure of oil properties by Lazaro Cardenas • Encouraged negotiation for settlement

  8. Economic Diplomacy • London Economic Conference (1933) • FDR withdrew support, b/c stabilization of currencies could hurt his own recovery plans • Recognized USSR • 1933, recognition = increased US trade = economic boost • Philippines • Tydings-McDuffie Act(1934) • Philippines independence (1946),gradual removal of US military presence • Election of New President (1935), New Constitution • Reciprocal Trade Agreement • FDR favored lowering of tariff = increased international trade • 1934, plan by Sec. State Cordell Hull, granted President power to reduce tariff to 50% for Nations w/ reciprocated comparable reduction of US import

  9. American Isolationists • Strong among Republicans, Midwest • Revisionist history • Entrance into WWI mistake • Sen. Gerald Nye (ND), 1934, committee conclude entrance was to serve greed of bankers and arm manufacturers, influenced later isolationist legislation • Neutrality Acts • Neutrality act 1935- Authorize president to prohibit arms shipment and US citizen from traveling on ships of warring nations • 1936, forbade extension of loan and credits • 1937, forbade shipment of arms to opposing side in Spanish civil war(1936, General Francisco France>forces of republicanism, royalists) • America First Committee(1940) • React to pro-British policies of FDR • Mobilize public opinion and engaged prominent people > WW2

  10. Prelude to War • Appeasement • Ethiopia (1935) • Rhineland (1936) • China (1937)-US gunboat Panay destroyed, Japanese apology accepted • FDR tested public opinion, quarantine speech (negative reaction) • Sudetenland, 1938 • Munich conference, 1938 (broken March 1939) • Preparedness • 1938, increased military and naval budget by 2/3, some accepted, belief in that it would be used to attack aggression against western hemisphere

  11. From Neutrality to War (1939-1941) • Outbreak of War in Europe • 1939, USSR and Germany = nonaggression pact • Division of Poland • Invasion of Poland (September, 1939) • Blitzkrieg (1940) • Scandinavia, France(1 week) • Denmark and Norway surrender • June 1940, Britain remains

  12. Changing US policy • 1940-acceptance of stronger US defense > aid to Britain • Cash and Carry • 1939, less restrictive neutrality act • Warring nations, cash and carry, favored Britain • Selective Service Act (1940) • Compulsory military service, 21-35, trained 1.2 mil/1 yr • First peace time draft • Isolationists outnumbered, people away from Strict Neutrality • Destroyers for Base • 50 older US destroyers = military bases on Caribbean British islands

  13. Election of 1940 • Wendell Willkie (R) • Criticize New Deal, agreed to preparedness and aid to GB • End of two term tradition • 54% to FDR (popular) • Strong recovery b/c defense purchases, instead of Keynesian • Fear of war, desire for strong leader

  14. Arsenal of Democracy • Four Freedoms • Nations dedicated to Free. Speech, Religion, from want, from fear • Jan 6, 1941. Speech to lend money for purchase of US war material • Lend-Lease (March 1941) • End cash and carry, allow obtaining all US arms on credit • Atlantic Charter (August 1941) • Affirmed peace objectives, sound peace include self-determination, no territorial expansion, free trade • Shoot on Sight • June 1941-extension of protection from submarines • Escort ships carrying lend-lease to Iceland • Greer attacked by GER sub = attack all German vessel on sight

  15. Disputes with Japan • 1940, Axis alliance • German success = Japanese aggression, Dutch East Indies, British Burma, Indochina • Economic Action • Prohibit export of Steel and scrap iron, ex. Britain and western hemisphere • 1941-freeze all Japanese credit, cut off access to vital material, oil • Negotiations breaking down • Pearl Harbor, 1 day later WAR • Stalin join with Democracies, Europe then Asia

  16. World War II :Home Front • WPB-management of war industries • OWM-set production priorities and controlled raw materials • Cost-plus system, paid war contractors cost of production and certain % for profit • End of depression, unemployment virtually ends by 1944 • 1944, US 2> 1 Axis industrial output • OPA- regulation of civilian life-freeze price, wages, rents and rationing • Unions-Agreement of no strike (John L. Lewis broke) • Smith-Connally Anti-Strike act (1943)-empowered government to take over war-related business threatened by strike • Financials of the War • Increase in spending, 100 bil in 1945 • Increased income tax, 1945 automatic deduction from paycheck • Selling war bonds • Borrow money, sell 145 bil war bonds • Shortage = savings

  17. The War’s impact on society • Leave rural areas in Midwest to pacific coast (California), defense installations in S (warm, low labor cost) • African American • 15 mil left S, 1 mil join armed force • Faced discrimination and segregation, summer of 1943, race riot in NY and Detriot • Double V • V > fascism, V > inequality • Increased NAACP members • CORE, militant movement for African interest • Smith vs. Allwright (1944) • Mexican Americans • 300000 in military, many in defense industries • 1942 agreement-Braceros enter US in harvest season neglecting immigration procedures • Summer 1943, LA soot suit riots, battle between whites and Mexicans • Native Americans -25k in military, more in defense industries. /2 never returned to reservations

  18. Japanese American • 20k served in Military • 1942, l fear/racism prompts government to order 100k on west coast to leave for internment camps. • Korematsu v. US (1944) , policy upheld • Women- 200k served in non-combat role • Acute labor shortage • 5 mil enter work force, industrial jobs in shipyards and defense plants • Rosie the Riveter, pay < • Propaganda • Maintain morale • Encourage sacrifice and conservation • Increase war production • Office of war information-news about troop movement and battle • Movie, Radios, music

  19. The Election of 1944 • FDR (D) and Truman, FDR’s medical health ? • Thomas Dewey (R) • FDR, 53% popular vote, 432-99 electoral

  20. World War II: Battlefronts • Fighting Germany • Defense at sea, attack by air • Battle of the Atlantic • From North Africa to Italy • Operation Torch (NOV 1942), May 1943 success • Summer 1943, Sicily. • From D day to VE day • June 6, 1944. Doomsday. • Belgium December 1944, battle of the bulge • German Surrender, Holocaust discovery • April 30, 1945-Hitler suicide. Unconditional surrender of German army, May 7 • 6 million Jewish people perished, genocide on Hitler’s part

  21. Fighting Japan • 1942- Korea, Philippines, eastern China, British Burma and Malaya, French Indochina , Dutch east Indies, most pacific islands west of Midway • Turning point, 1942 • Battle of Coral Sea (may 7-8), invasion of Australia ended June 4-7, Battle of Midway, destruction of 4 Japanese carriers and 300 planes • Island Hoping (Chester Nimitz) • Major Battle • Leyte Gulf (October 1944)-virtual destruction of Japanese Navy • First usage of kamikazes • Battle of Okinawa (April –June 1945)- 50k US deaths, 100k Japanese • Atomic bombs • Manhattan project (1942) • J. Robert Oppenheimer, 100k people and 2 bil spent • Successful test, June 16, 1945, Alamogordo, New Mexico • August 6, Hiroshima • August 9, Nagasaki • 250k Japanese died immediately or after prolonged suffering • August 16, Jpanese surrender. Emperor retained as titular head of state but renounced Divinity • Formally received on September 2, 1945 aboard Missouri in Tokyo

  22. Wartime Conferences • Casablanca (Jan 1943)- FDR and Churchill agreed to invade Sicily and demand unconditional surrender from Axis • Teheran-Big three in Iranian city, November 1943, Drive to liberate France in spring of 1944, Soviet would invade Germany and eventually join in war against Japan • Yalta, February 1945-black sea coast of USSR • Germany divided into occupation zones • Free election in liberated eastern Europe • USSR enter war >Japan (August 8, 1945) • USSR control southern half of Sakhalin island and Kurile island in Pacific, special concessions in Manchuria • New world peace organization formed in San Francisco • Roosevelt’s death April 12, 1945- sudden death • Truman becomes president • Potsdam • Late July, Churchill replaced by Clement Attlee, Stalin remain • In Germany (July 17-August 2, 1945) • Warning to Japan to surrender unconditionally • War-crime trials of Nazi leaders

  23. The War’s Legacy • Cost • 300k Americans died, 800k wounded • Most deadly after Civil War • 320 bil spent, immense amount of defecit spending. • 1000% increase in federal spending, 1939-1945. • 250 bil national debt • UN • 1944, Dumbarton Oaks, Allied representatives from US, USSR, GB, and CN proposed on the organization. • April 1945, 50 nations sent delegates to assemble in San Francisco, 8 weeks to draft charter. • October 24, 1945- UN is borne • Expectations-USSR, A-bomb • 1945-US strongest and most prosperous

  24. I got lazy and didn't feel like putting more pictures, it got problematic as I had to search for so many pictures when I could just condense the entire chapter into note form. Be happy you didn't get the other version, which had 50 slides. G Luck and stuff on your finals, AP exam/s, Regents, and Summer

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