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History 1928 American states – Havana Convention on Treaties

條約. History 1928 American states – Havana Convention on Treaties 1953 Harvard Law School – Law of Treaties 1949 International Law Commission progressive development of international law and its codification 1948 UN General Assembly 34 members/5 year term - Geneva.

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History 1928 American states – Havana Convention on Treaties

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  1. 條約 • History • 1928 American states – Havana Convention on Treaties • 1953 Harvard Law School – Law of Treaties • 1949 International Law Commission • progressive development of international law and its codification • 1948 UN General Assembly • 34 members/5 year term - Geneva

  2. 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) 維也納條約法公約 (1980 took effect) • Importance: • Treaty of Treaties • Codification of existing customary int’l law (cases, see p. 151) • Fundamental change of circumstances • Breach – termination of treaty

  3. VCLT: between States • Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties • between states and int’l organizations or • between int’l organizations • 國際組織條約法公約 • 1986 passed • Aug/2008, 40 parties (28 states) • Not yet effective

  4. Treaty (Art 2) • “treaty” means • an international agreement concluded between States • in written form and • governed by international law, • whether embodied in a single instrument • or in two or more related instruments and • whatever its particular designation

  5. Between “states” • Broad sense • Political entities • State & Individual/company • Questions: • Treaty? • ICJ? • State enterprises (60%)

  6. Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Case (UK v. Iran) • 1933 Anglo-Persian Oil Company (British Petroleum) & Imperial Gov’t of Persia • Concessionary contract • 60 years – oil; Royalty • 1951 Iran: Oil Nationalization Act • Iran: ICJ jurisdiction on “treaties” after 1932 • Issue: Treaty? If yes, ICJ has jurisdiction

  7. 1952 ICJ • Contract between • Anglo-Iranian Oil Company • Iran • Government of the United Kingdom • NOT a party (between “states”) • NOT a treaty • Even the company – half owned by the gov’t • ICJ NO jurisdiction

  8. How to judge? Document – Treaty • Juridical meaning/intent • Binding • Register/Publish • UN • Department of Bulletin • 中外條約輯編

  9. Binding effect • Art 26: -Every treaty in force • is binding upon the parties to it and • must be performed by them in good faith 善意履行 • “Pacta sunt servanda” • Non-binding agreements • Gentlemen’s agreement; soft law 軟法 • No legal remedy • Question: Why?

  10. Reasons: • If binding – no consensus/ ratification • Important principles – future development • 1975 Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki Final Act) • 31 countries (US, Canada, most EU counties) • Cold War tensions – Communist Bloc • E.g. security, military exercises, peaceful settlement

  11. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) 歐洲安全暨合作組織 • Vienna, Austria • 56 states

  12. Forms of Treaties (see p. 161) • Names of Treaties (see p. 163) 2006: • Israel: Agreement Between the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Tel-Aviv and the Israel Economic and Cultural Office in Taipei on Scientific and Technological Cooperation • Vietnam: Exchange of Letters on Banking Supervision Information between Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan行政院金融監督管理委員會 and the State Bank of Vietnam • US: Memorandum of Understanding on Education between the Bureau of International Cultural and Educational Relations, Ministry of Education, Republic of China (Taiwan) 國際文化教育事業處 and Department of Education, State of Iowa, USA

  13. Treaty (related declaration/document) – same document? • Ambatielos Case (Greece v. United Kingdom) (p. 167) • Greece: Ship owner, 9 ships, UK missed delivery date • 1886 Treaty: Protocol (arbitration) • 1926 Treaty (Dispute – PCIJ/ICJ)/Declaration (validity of 1886 Treaty) • Issue: Declaration part of 1926 Treaty?

  14. ICJ: • Declaration – British Treaty Series; Congress • interpretation • ICJ has jurisdiction • ICJ ruled: UK was obliged to enter into an arbitration process • ROC-USA Mutual Defense Treaty • Exchange of notes • PRC-US Communiqués • 上海公報 、建交公報 、八一七公報

  15. Unilateral Act (binding?) • Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Denmark v. Norway, PCIJ) (p. 170) • Denmark: sovereignty • Norway (Minister of Foreign Affairs): …would not make any difficulties… • Nuclear Test Case (Australia/New Zealand v. France) (p. 171) • France (President) • Unilateral acts: p. 171

  16. Procedures for the Conclusion of Treaty (p. 174) • Credentials • 1952 ROC-Japan Treaty (p. 176) • ICSID • Open for Signature • Ratification • Legal binding – domestic law • Democratic principle

  17. Ratification Procedure • US: Art. II, Sec. 2: [President] shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur. Exception: Agreements • Taiwan: 釋字329 • 條約 • 與大陸地區協議 (82, Singapore): 簽署「辜汪會談共同協議」、「兩會聯繫與會談制度協議」、「兩岸公證書使用查證協議」及「兩岸掛號函件查詢、補償事宜協議」等四項協議 • 條約及協定處理準則 (p. 181)

  18. Effective 生效 (p. 185) • 實質條款 • Contracting Parties 締約國 • Bound by the treaty; ratified • 總統府公報 • Register • UN Charter Art. 102 (p. 189) • United Nations Treaty Series • Exchange of notes

  19. Problem for Taiwan • Solution – bilateral treaties (p. 192) • Reservation 保留 • Definition (p. 193) • Reason • Tradition – all parties agree • Exception: WTO Agreements

  20. 1951 ICJ: Advisory Opinion (p. 194) • Reservation – cannot violate “object and purpose” • See Issues 1 & 2 (p. 195-96) • Problems • Vienna Convention • Scope • Reservation – written form

  21. Declaration 解釋性聲明 • Differences – reservation • Example, p. 199 • Domestic Law – Treaty-making power • Voidable • Certain period

  22. ICJ: Temple of Preach Vihear 隆瑞古寺 • Commission - Boundary (Cambodia & Thailand) • Map • Mistake? • 1962: Cambodia

  23. Contents • Limitations (p. 205) • Jus Cogens 絕對法 • Questions: Salve Trade, Piracy?

  24. Unequal Treaties 不平等條約 • Traditional view: still valid • Hong Kong • 1842《南京條約》，割讓香港島 • 1856《北京條約》，割讓九龍半島南端 • 1898《展拓香港界址專條》，九龍半島北部大片土地以及附近230多個大小島嶼（ “新界”），租期99年 • 1997/7/1 Transfer to PRC • Taiwan • 1895《馬關條約》 • 1941/12/9 宣戰: “茲特正式對日宣戰，昭告中外，所有一切條約、協定、合同，有涉及中、日間之關係者，一律廢止，特此佈告” • 1945/10/25 光復

  25. 條約遵守與適用 • Art 26: Pacta sunt servanda • Every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith. • Art 27: Internal law and observance of treaties • A party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty. • Example: customs, trade of animals

  26. Art 29: Territorial scope of treaties • … a treaty is binding upon each party in respect of its entire territory. • State/City

  27. Third Countries • 條約不使第三者擔負義務亦不給予權利 • Art 34, VCLT (p. 213) • 權利 Art 36 – consent • 義務 Art 35 (p. 214) • League of Nations • United Nations • 1949 Advisory Opinion on Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations (p. 215)

  28. Most Favoured Nations, MFN • Definition (p. 215); Example • 同類規則 (p. 217) • Commerce v. Extradition • Art 1, GATT (p. 219) • China and MFN (p. 220)

  29. Treaty Interpretation • Art 31, VCLT (p. 223) • Art 32, Supplementary/Secondary rules (p. 224) • Art 33, different languages (p. 226)

  30. 停止與終止 • 外交關係 (p. 236) • 長期不適用 (p. 238) • 違反 – material breach • 1945 中蘇友好同盟條約 • 外蒙獨立; 1945, 97.8% • 不援助中共 • 1952 控蘇案 • 2002 代表處

  31. 情勢變遷 • Definition • Implied term of clause (p. 242) • Fundamental change of circumstances • E.g. Boundary – river • Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (UK v. Iceland) • 1958, Iceland – 12 miles; Codfish War (p. 244) • 1961, exchange of diplomatic notes • UK recognizes • ICJ jurisdiction – if Iceland extends • 1971 Iceland, 50 miles (1972) • ICJ Decision (p. 244)

  32. 國際法的主體 • Subject 主體 (p. 249) • 義務 • 權利 • 法律關係 • Domestic Law

  33. International Law • International Personality 國際人格 • International Person 國際法人 • Tradition: States • Now?

  34. State • Montevideo Convention 蒙特維多公約 • State (p. 251) • A permanent population • A defined territory • A government • Capacity to enter into relations with other states • Example: ROC; S. Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) (p. 252)

  35. Micro States 小國 • Nauru (North of Australia) • Liechtenstein (currency; defense - bank) • Andorra (between France/Spain) • Monaco (South of France – casino) • San Marino (in Italy) • All joined UN

  36. Principality of Seal 西蘭公國 • 英國外海，面積有550平方公尺（大約170多坪） • 1942 WWII:怒濤塔（Roughs Tower）- 軍事堡壘; 150-300 Navy • 1967:陸軍少校派迪·羅伊·貝茨 Paddy Roy Bates • 1968: British “invasion” • Citizen: 10 + 20 foreign employees • Currency; Stamps; Passport; Summit of Micronations • 2006: Fire

  37. 國家的類別 (p. 253) • Personal Union • E.g. Canada (Prime Minister; Head of State: Queen, Governor General 總督) • Neutralized State 中立國 • Definition (p. 257) • Switzerland, Austria

  38. Taiwan/ROC • Entity sui generis 特類個體 (p. 261) • 1992 兩岸人民關係條例 • 1991 國統會: 國家統一綱領 • 2006 “終止運作”“終止適用”

  39. 國家的權利與義務 (p. 264) • 主權 • Adolf Eichmann (p. 267) • Argentina v. Israel • Israel: Jurisdiction • 1962 hanged

  40. 干涉他國事物 • Exceptions (p. 269) • Humanitarian intervention 人道干涉 • E.g. Kosova: 1999 NATO bombing, Yugoslavia (Serbia) • 國家的平等權 • Jurisdiction (diplomat, embassy) (p. 271) • Act of State Doctrine (e.g. expropriation)

  41. 國家的相鄰關係 • Trail Smelter (p. 273) Canada v. US • 委託統治地與託管地 • 西南非 (South West Africa, Namibia) (p. 278) • 1960 ICJ, Ethiopia/Liberia v. S. Africa • 1966 UN terminated the mandate • 1970 ICJ Advisory Opinion (p. 281)

  42. 民族自決 • International Treaties (p. 286) • Hong Kong/Macau (p. 289) • 民族解放運動 • PLO (p. 292) • UN: Observer • Palestinian National Authority 巴勒斯坦自治政府

  43. Entity sui generis 特殊的實體 • Holy See (p. 297) • Diplomatic relations with ROC • 神父; 中國天主教愛國會

  44. 國際組織 • ICJ Advisory Opinion (p. 301) • Reason (p. 303) • 個人與公司 • 中美友好通商條約 (p. 309)

  45. 國籍、個人與人權 • Nationality • Reason: Diplomatic Protection for individuals and corporations (e.g. expropriation) (p. 393) • Definition • Who decides? • Domestic law • Importance (p. 395)

  46. 國籍 v. 公民權 (p. 396) • 國籍 v. 居留權 • 美國護照 綠卡 (永久居留權) • 入出國及移民法: 永久居留

  47. 原始國籍 (p. 397) • 血統制 • E.g. ROC, Japan • 出生地制 • Problem: plane? • 2006 mother: American/Egyptian – British Airways (London-Boston via Canada)

  48. 歸化/繼有國籍 • Nottebohm Case (p. 399) • Genuine link 真實聯繫 • Nottebohm: German; business in Guatemala • Liechtenstein • Criticism (p. 400)

  49. 婚姻 (p. 405) • E.g. Woman (Taiwan) & Man (US) in US; Man (Taiwan) & Woman (Japan) in Taiwan • 國籍的喪失 (p. 408)

  50. 雙重國籍 (p. 414) • 公職 (部長; 立委) • 有效國籍原則 • Canevaro Case (p. 416) • Italy/Peru Nationality: Italy v. Peru • Mrs. Merge • US/Italy Nationality : US v. Italy

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