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Understanding Plant Characteristics and Evolution

Learn about the two main plant groups - nonvascular and vascular, their tissues, growth patterns, and adaptations for survival. Discover how plants evolved and adapted to different environments.

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Understanding Plant Characteristics and Evolution

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  1. PLANTS

  2. Plants: Grouped by characteristics • Nonvascular • Simple; most grow in moist places • No vascular tissues. • No way to move around water and nutrients • Need to live close to water • Mosses, liverworts, ferns • Evolved first • Vascular • Have Vascular tissues: roots, stems and leaves • Allows them to grow large and in many different environments • Includes trees, flowering plants, crops, etc….

  3. Non vascular = Bryophytes • Only nonvascular plants (mosses, liverworts) • no ability to internally transport water and materials • requires moist environment • live in colonies, has rhizoids to anchor it • important in soil formation

  4. Vascular Plants - Tissues Plants have 3 tissue systems: • Ground tissue • Photosynthesis, food storage, regeneration, support, protection • Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) • Movement of materials • Dermal tissue (exterior) • Protection and prevention of water loss

  5. Plants: Stems • Function of stems • Support, transport of water & food • Green • Woody • Transport of materials • xylem - conducts water and minerals • phloem - conducts food

  6. Growth • Plant growth occurs at specialized areas called meristems (meristematic tissue) • Primary growth = growth in length • Secondary growth = growth in girth

  7. Leaf function • Photosynthesis - more later • Transpiration - 99% of water absorbed by plant is lost by transpiration • Stomata are tiny holes on the bottom of the leaf that let gases and water in and out • Opening controlled by guard cells

  8. Photosynthesis • Uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight - reactants • Releases oxygen and makes sugar, oxygen is released - product chlorophyll – the green substance found in plants that traps energy from the sun and gives plants their green color chloroplasts -where photoysynthesis happens

  9. Plant Evolution • First = Bryophytes - no roots, leaves or stems, no vascular system, simple reproduction relying on water. Second = Ferns - first vascular system • Reproduce using spores

  10. Gymnosperms • Vascular, seed bearing, flowerless plants • means “naked seed” • largest division is conifers • leaves are called needles • Pines, cedars, spruces, firs

  11. Angiosperms • Flowering, vascular plants • Most successful plants: deciduous trees • Magnolias, roses, apple trees • Plant Parts • Pistil – part of a flower that makes the eggs that grow into seeds • Stamen – part of a flower that makes pollen • Pollen– tiny grains that make seeds when combined with a flower’s egg monocot seed – a seed that has one seed leaf and stored food outside the seed leaf dicot seed – a seed that has two seed leaves that contain stored food

  12. Plant Adaptations • Specialized tissues – vascular tissues • Cuticles • Waxy coating on surfaces • resists drying out • stomata exist to allow necessary gas exchange • Alternation of generations • Plants live part of their life in a haploid stage and part in a diploid stage • haploid portion = gametophyte • diploid portion = sporophyte • Co-evolution with pollinators

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