CH 1 INTRODUCTION

1. CH 1 INTRODUCTION What is science? SCIENCE = is the knowledge based on observation and experimentation. What are the 4 branches of science?

2. 1. BIOLOGY = study of life.

3. 2. CHEMISTRY = composition & properties of matter

4. 3. PHYSICS = forces & motion of matter

5. 4. EARTH SCIENCE = study of earth and it’s surroundings

6. Four Branches of Earth Science

7. 1. GEOLOGY = study of solid earth.

9. 2. OCEANOGRAPHY = study of oceans.

10. 3. METEOROLOGY = study of the atmosphere & weather

11. 4. ASTRONOMY = study of the universe.

13. 4 Earth’s Spheres • 1. Hydrosphere • water • 2. Atmosphere • air • 3. Geosphere • solid earth • 4. Biosphere • living things

14. Interaction of the 4 Spheres

16. 5 Steps of Scientific Method • Identify problem • Make observations • Form a hypothesis • Test the hypothesis • Accept, reject, or modify hypothesis.

17. Chemistry Introduction • Matter – anything w/ volume and mass • 4 states of matter • Solid – definite shape and definite volume atoms close together • Liquid – no def. shape but definite volume atoms further apart • Gas – no definite shape or volume atoms real far apart move easily • Plasma—charged particles(lightning, etc.)

18. ELEMENTS • Elements = building blocks of minerals. • Can’t be broken down into simpler substances by chemical/physical means

19. Periodic Table • Each element represented by 1-3 letters • 8 elements make up most of earth’s crust. Know top 2! (page 35) • Oxygen=47% Silicon=28% • Metals – malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat/electricity • left side of periodic table • Non-metals – brittle and poor conductors • right side of the periodic table

21. Atom Parts • Protons – positively charged • 1 amu = mass • Found in nucleus • Neutrons – no charge (neutral) • 1 amu = mass • Found in nucleus • Electrons – negatively charged • Very little mass • Outside of nucleus in energy levels

22. Atoms=smallest particle of matter that contains all of the characteristics of the element • Atoms are neutral (no charge) • Equal #’s protons + and electrons -

23. Atomic number – number of protons in the nucleus • Mass number - number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus • Isotope – atom with same number of protons but different number of neutrons • Used for dating rocks/fossils • EX:12C and 14C • Ion – atoms that gained or lost electrons giving them a charge (+ or -)

24. Mixtures & Compounds • Mixture – combination of substances… • Don’t lose identities (of components) • Easy to separate components • Not in a set ratio • Solutions – special type of mixture (Solute vs. Solvent) (Alloys=mixture) • Compounds – 2 or more elements chemically combined • Components lose their identity • Components can’t be separate out easily • Components in a specific, set ratio

25. Atomic Bonds (James) • Atoms without a full outer energy level are likely to bond chemically. 3 types: • Ionic – formed when electrons are transferred from a + ion to a – ion - between metals and non-metals • Covalent – when electrons are shared between the atoms of non-metals • Metallic – when electrons are shared by metal ions.

26. Determining Location • Latitude – distance N or S of equator, measured in degrees (are parallel) • Lines run East and West • Oº = equator • 90º = poles • Longitude – distance E or W of prime meridian, measured in degrees (not parallel) • Lines run North and South • Oº = Prime Meridian • 180º = International Date Line

27. Topographic Maps • Represents the 3-D earth in 2-D. • Contour lines - lines of equal elevation; shows elevation on a flat map • Contour interval – elevation difference between adjacent lines • Hachure marks – represent depressions • Scale – a distance on the map = a distance on the surface (ratio, bar, verbal) • Legend/key – explains map symbols • Benchmark -- triangle represents special elevation

31. THE END !