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Community Ecology

Community Ecology. Relationships Between Organisms AP Biology. Ecological Niches. A species' niche includes: Habitat - where it lives in the ecosystem Relationships - all interactions with other species in the ecosystem Nutrition - its method of obtaining food. Competition.

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Community Ecology

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  1. Community Ecology Relationships Between Organisms AP Biology

  2. Ecological Niches • A species' niche includes: • Habitat - where it lives in the ecosystem • Relationships - all interactions with other species in the ecosystem • Nutrition - its method of obtaining food

  3. Competition • Competition = when two species compete for the same resource • Competition can lead to competitive exclusion or resource partitioning

  4. Competitive Exclusion • Competitive Exclusion Theory • 2 species cannot occupy the same niche • If 2 species occupy the same niche, then they will compete until one eliminates the other (becomes extinct)

  5. Resource Partitioning • If one species’ niche is modified through natural selection, then it will be able to coexist with the other species (that it competed with before). • niche differentiation • Modified use of resources

  6. Character Displacement • Is evidence of previous competition between species • Allopatric Speciation = speciation that occurs in species that are geographically isolated from each other • Sympatric Speciation = speciation that occurs in species that live in the same area

  7. Character displacement • How does the diagram show evidence of competition? • When the populations live together, character displacement occurs in order for the populations to co-exist (sympatric speciation)

  8. Coloring or markings to warn off predators Animal Defenses: Aposematic coloring

  9. Coloring that disguises an animal’s shape Animal Defenses : Cryptic coloration

  10. A species mimics a successful species but lacks the actual attribute– “pretending to be harmful” Animal Defenses: Batesian Mimicry harmful Not harmful Scarlet king snake

  11. A species resembles another successful (harmful) species and shares the attribute (is also harmful) Müllerian Mimicry Monarch butterfly Viceroy butterfly

  12. Plant Defenses Against Herbivory • Thorns and spines • Glandular hairs • store and secrete toxins • Deposition of crystals in plant tissues • makes tissues tougher • Chemical compounds • May be distasteful or toxic to animals • May cause abnormal development in animals Images taken without permission fron http://www.ext.vt.edu/news/periodicals/cses/1998-02/Glandular_hair_leaf_72dpi.JPG and http://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/plantguides/jpgs/LOGA-stry-toxi-pan-2735.jpg

  13. Summary of Species-Species Interactions

  14. Keystone Species • species that has a strong influence on its ecosystem. • Ex. Sea otters, prairie dogs • If it is not there  will cause populations of other species in the ecosystem to go down or become extinct; • Can drastically change the ecosystem even though it isn’t the most abundant species. • Dominant species = most abundant species Images taken without permission from http://animal.discovery.com/mammals/prairie-dog/ and http://carinbondar.com/2010/11/this-weeks-cool-biology-job-sea-otter-population-ecologist/

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