CoE3DJ4 Digital Systems Design

1. CoE3DJ4Digital Systems Design Parallel I/O Ports

2. I/O devices • Peripheral devices (also called I/O devices) are pieces of equipment that exchange data with a CPU • Examples: switches, LED, CRT, printers, keyboard, keypad • Speed and characteristics of these devices are very different from that of CPU so they cannot be connected directly • Interface chips are needed to resolve this problem • Main function of an interface chip is to synchronize data transfer between CPU and I/O device • Data pins of interface chip are connected to CPU data bus and I/O port pins are connected to I/O device

3. I/O devices • Since a CPU may have multiple I/O devices, CPU data bus may be connected to data buses of multiple interface • An address decoder is used to select one device to respond to the CPU I/O request • Different CPUs deal with I/O devices differently • Some CPUs have dedicated instructions for performing input and output operations (isolated I/O) • Other CPUs use the same instruction for reading from memory and reading from input devices, as well as writing data into memory and writing data into output devices (memory-mapped I/O) • MCS-51 (8051) is memory mapped

4. Synchronization of CPU and interface chip • There must be a mechanism to make sure that there are valid data in the interface chip when CPU reads them • Input synchronization: two ways of doing this • Polling method • interface chip uses a status bit to indicate if it has valid data for CPU • CPU keeps checking status bit until it is set, and then reads data from interface chip • Simple method, used when CPU has nothing else to do • Interrupt driven method: interface chip interrupts the CPU when it has new data. CPU executes the ISR

5. Synchronization of CPU and interface chip • Output synchronization: two ways of doing this • Polling method • interface chip uses a status bit to indicate that the data register is empty • CPU keeps checking status bit until it is set, and then writes data into interface chip • Interrupt driven method: interface chip interrupts the CPU when it data register is empty. CPU executes the ISR

6. Synchronization of interface chip & I/O device • Methods used to synchronize data transfer between interface chip and I/O devices: • Brute force method: interface chip returns voltage levels in its input ports to CPU and makes data written by CPU directly available on its output ports • All 8051 port can perform brute force I/O • Strobe method: • During input, the I/O device activates a strobe signal when data are stable. Interface chip latches the data • For output, interface chip places output data on output port. when data is stable, it activates a strobe signal. I/O device latches the data • Handshake method: two handshake signals are needed • One is asserted by interface chip and the other by I/O device

7. 8051 ports

8. 8051 ports • Ports 1, 2, and 3 have internal pullups, and Port 0 has open drain outputs. • To be used as an input, the port bit latch must contain a 1, which turns off the output driver FET. • For Ports 1, 2, and 3, the pin is pulled high by a weak internal pullup, and can be pulled low by an external source. • Port 0 differs in that its internal pullups are not active during normal port operation (writing a 1 to the bit latch leaves both output FETs off, so the pin floats).

9. 8051 I/O Ports: Hardware Specs • P0 is open drain. • Has to be pulled high by external 10K resistors. • Not needed if P0 is used for address lines • P1, P2, P3 have internal pull-ups • Port fan- out (number of devices it can drive) is limited. • Use buffers (74LS244, 74LS245,etc) to increase drive. • P1, P2, P3 can drive up to 4 LS-TTL inputs

10. 8051 - Switch On I/O Ports • Case-1: • Gives a logic 0 on switch close • Current is 0.5ma on switch close • Case-2: • Gives a logic 1 on switch close • High current on switch close • Case-3: • Can damage port if 0 is output

11. Simple input devices • DIP switches usually have 8 switches • Use the case-1 from previous page • Sequence of instructions to read a value from DIP switches: mov P1,#FFH mov A,P1,

12. Interfacing a Keypad • A 16-key keypad is built as shown in the figure below. • 16 keys arranged as a 4X4 matrix. • Must “activate” each row by placing a 0 on its R output. • Then the column output is read. • If there is a 0 on one of the column bits, then the button at the column/row intersection has been pressed. • Otherwise, try next row. • Repeat constantly. F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

13. Interfacing a Keypad • Algorithm: • Drive a “0” on a row • Read all the columns • If any key had been pressed, its column will be “0”, else 1 • Keep repeating in a loop for each successive row • Example: • Switch 4 is pressed • R2 0, C1:C4 = 1111 • R3 0, C1:C4 = 1110

14. Bouncing Contacts • Push-button switches, toggle switches, and electromechanical relays all have one thing in common: contacts. • Metal contacts make and break the circuit and carry the current in switches and relays. Because they are metal, contacts have mass. • Since at least one of the contacts is movable, it has springiness. • Since contacts are designed to open and close quickly, there is little resistance (damping) to their movement.

15. Bouncing • Because the moving contacts have mass and springiness with low damping they will be "bouncy" as they make and break. • That is, when a normally open (N.O.) pair of contacts is closed, the contacts will come together and bounce off each other several times before finally coming to rest in a closed position. • The effect is called "contact bounce" or, in a switch, "switch bounce”.

16. Why is it a problem? • If such a switch is used as a source to an edge-triggered input such as INT0, then the MCS-51 will think that there were several “events” and respond several times. • The bouncing of the switch may last for several milliseconds. • Given that the MCS-51 operates at microsecond speed, a short ISR may execute several times in response to the above described bounciness.

17. Hardware Solution • The simplest hardware solution uses an RC time constant to suppress the bounce. The time constant has to be larger than the switch bounce and is typically 0.1 seconds. • As long as capacitor voltage does not exceed a threshold value, the output signal will be continued to be recognized as a logic 1. • The buffer after the switch produces a sharp high-to-low transition.

18. Software Solution • It is also possible to counter the bouncing problem using software. • The easies way is the wait-and-see technique • When the input drops, an “appropriate” delay is executed (10 ms), then the value of the line is checked again to make sure the line has stopped bouncing.

19. P1.7 P1.6 P1.5 P1.4 P1.3 P1.2 P1.1 P1.0 Interfacing a Keypad scan: mov P1,#EFH jnb P1.0,db_0 scan1: jnb P1.1,db_1 scan2: jnb P1.2,db_2 scan3: jnb P1.3,db_3 scan4: mov P1,#DFH jnb P1.0,db_4 ….. ….. ….. 8051 F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

20. Interfacing a Keypad db_0: lcall wt_10ms jb P1.0,temp_1 mov A, #0 ljmp get_code temp_1: ljmp scan1 db_1: lcall wt_10ms jb P1.1,temp_2 mov A, #1 ljmp get_code temp_2: ljmp scan2 ….. … …..

21. Interfacing a Keypad get_code: mov DPRT, #key_tab movc A, @A+DPRT ljmp scan key_tab: db ‘0123456789ABCDEF’ END

22. Simple output devices • Case-1 • LED is ON for an output of zero • Most LEDs drop 1.7 to 2.5 volts and need about 10ma • Current is (5-2)/470 • Case-2 • Too much current • Failure of Port or LED • Case-3 • Not enough drive (1ma) • LED too dim

23. a f b g e c d The 7-Segment Display • The 7-segment display is nothing but 7 LEDs arranged to form the number 8. • By turning on and off the appropriate segments (LEDs), different combinations can be produced. • The 7-segment display is useful for displaying the digits 0 through 9, and some characters.

24. The 7-segment Display (Contd.) • 7-segment displays come in 2 configurations: Common Anode Common Cathode • As we have seen when we discussed interfacing the basic LED, it would be preferable to connect the cathode of each diode to the output pin. • Therefore, the common anode variety would be better for our interfacing needs.

25. Interfacing a 7-segment display to the 8051 • Also, as seen with interfacing the LED, a resistor will be needed to control the current flowing through the diode. • This leaves two possibilities: • Case 2 would be more appropriate as case 1 will produce different brightness depending on the number of LEDs turned on.

26. LCD Interfacing • Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) have become a cheap and easy way to display text for an embedded system • Various configurations (1 line by 20 characters upto 8 lines by 80 characters). • LCD needs a driving circuit to work. • Driving circuit and LCD are often integrated into a single chip • Hitachi LM015 can display one line of 16 characters • The display has one register into which commands are sent and one register into which data to be displayed are sent • Two registers are differentiated by the RS input • Data lines (DB7-DB0) are used to transfer both commands (clearing, cursor positioning, etc) and data (character to be displayed)

27. Alphanumeric LCD Interfacing • Pinout • 8 data pins D7:D0 • RS: Data or Command Register Select • R/W: Read or Write • E: Enable (Latch data) • RS – Register Select • RS = 0  Command Register • RS = 1  Data Register • R/W = 0  Write, R/W = 1  Read • E – Enable • Used to latch the data present on the data pins. • D0 – D7 • Bi-directional data/command pins. • Alphanumeric characters are sent in ASCII format. Microcontroller E communications bus R/W RS DB7–DB0 8 LCD controller LCD Module

28. LCD Commands • The LCD’s internal controller can accept several commands and modify the display accordingly. These commands would be things like: • Clear screen • Return home • Decrement/Increment cursor • After writing to the LCD, it takes some time for it to complete its internal operations. During this time, it will not accept any new commands or data. • We need to insert time delay between any two commands or data sent to LCD

29. Interfacing LCD with 8051 8051 LM015 P3.4 P3.5 P3.3 RW E RS P1.7-P1.0 D7-D0

30. Interfacing LCD with 8051 mov A, command call cmd delay mov A, another_cmd call cmd delay mov A, #’A’ call data delay mov A, #’B’ call data delay …. Command and Data Write Routines data: mov P1, A ;A is ascii data setb P3.3 ;RS=1 data clr P3.4 ;RW=0 for write setb P3.5 ;H->L pulse on E clr P3.5 ret cmd: mov P1, A ;A has the cmd word clr P3.3 ;RS=0 for cmd clr P3.4 ;RW=0 for write setb P3.5 ;H->L pulse on E clr P3.5 ret

31. 8255 • 8051 has very limited number of I/O ports • If more I/O ports are needed one solution is to add parallel interface chip(s) • Intel’s programmable peripheral interface (PPI) chip 8255 is a parallel interface chip that can be added to 8051 to expand number of parallel ports • Besides limited number of I/O ports, 8051 does not have any I/O port with handshaking capability • By using 8255 in connection with 8051 we can add handshaking capability

32. 8255 • 8255 – Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI) • Provides 3 eight bit ports A, B and C • Port C can be used as two 4 bit ports CL and CU • Ports have handshaking ability • Two address lines A0, A1 and a Chip select CS • 00b selects Port A • 01b selects Port B • 10b selects Port C • 11b selects an internal control register (CR)

33. 8255

34. 8255 Operating Modes • Control register controls overall operation of 8255 • Depending on its most significant bit, control register has two functions: • Mode definition: when set to 1 • Bit set reset: when reset to 0 • Mode 0 : Simple I/O • Any of A, B, CL and CU can be programmed as input or output • Mode 1: I/O with Handshake • A and B can be used for I/O • C provides the handshake signals • Mode 2: Bi-directional with handshake • A is bi-directional with C providing handshake signals • B is simple I/O (mode-0) or handshake I/O (mode-1) • BSR (Bit Set Reset) Mode • C alone is available for bit mode access • Allows single bit manipulation for control applications.

35. 8255 Mode Definition Summary

36. 8255 Configuration • 8255 can be configured by writing a control-word in CR register • CR definition • D7 : 1I/O mode, 0  BSR • D6,D5 : Mode selection for A and CU • 00  Mode0, 01  Mode1, 1x  Mode2 • D4 : Port A control • 1  A input, 0  A output • D3 : Port CU control • 1  CU input, 0  CU output • D2 : Port B Mode selection • 0  B is in mode 0, 1  B is in mode 1 • D1 : Port B control • 1  B input, 0  B output • D0 : Port CL control • 1  CL input, 0  CL output

37. 8255 Control Word

38. Mode 0 • Provides simple input and output operations for each of the three ports. • No “handshaking” is required, data is simply written to or read from a specified port. • Two 8-bit ports and two 4-bit ports. • Any port can be input or output. • Outputs are latched. • Inputs are not latched.

39. Mode 1 • Strobed Input/Output. • Provides a means for transferring I/O data to or from a specified port in conjunction with strobes or “handshaking” signals. • In mode 1, Port A and Port B use the lines on Port C to generate or accept “handshaking” signals. • Mode 1 Basic functional Definitions: • Two Groups (Group A and Group B). • Each group contains one 8-bit data port and one 4-bit control/data port. • The 8-bit data port can be either input or output. Both inputs and outputs are latched. • The 4-bit port is used for control and status of the 8-bit data port.

40. Mode 1 – Control Signals • Input Control Signal Definition • STB (Strobe Input). (C4 for A, C2 for B) • A “low” on this input loads data into the input latch. • IBF (Input Buffer Full F/F) (C5 for A, C1 for B) • A “high” on this output indicates that the data has been loaded into the input latch; in essence, an acknowledgement from the 8255 to the device. • INTR (Interrupt Request) (C3 for A, C0 for B) • A “high” on this output can be used to interrupt the CPU when an input device is requesting service.

41. Mode 1 – Control Signals • Output Control Signal Definition • OBF (Output Buffer Full F/F). (C7 for A, C1 for B) • The OBF output will go “low” to indicate that the CPU has written data out to the specified port. • A signal to the device that there is data to be read. • ACK (Acknowledge Input). (C6 for A, C2 for B) • A “low” on this input informs the 8255 that the data from Port A or Port B has been accepted. • A response from the peripheral device indicating that it has read the data. • INTR (Interrupt Request). (C3 for A, C0 for B) • A “high” on this output can be used to interrupt the CPU when an output device has accepted data transmitted by the CPU.

42. Functions of Port C pins in Mode 1

43. Mode 1

44. Mode 2 - Strobed Bidirectional Bus I/O • Provides a means for communicating with a peripheral device on a single 8-bit bus for both transmitting and receiving data (bidirectional bus I/O). • “Handshaking” signals are provided to maintain proper bus flow discipline in a similar manner to mode 1. • MODE 2 Basic Functional Definitions: • Used in Group A only. • One 8-bit, bi-directional bus port (Port A) and a 5-bit control port (Port C). • Both inputs and outputs are latched. • The 5-bit control port (Port C) is used for control and status for the 8-bit, bi-directional bus port (Port A).

45. Mode 2 • Output Operations • OBF (Output Buffer Full). The OBF output will go low to indicate that the CPU has written data out to port A. • ACK (Acknowledge). A low on this input enables the tri-state output buffer of Port A to send out the data. Otherwise, the output buffer will be in the high impedance state. • Input Operations • STB (Strobe Input). A low on this input loads data into the input latch. • IBF (Input Buffer Full F/F). A high on this output indicates that data has been loaded into the input latch.

46. BSR Mode • If used in BSR mode, then the bits of port C can be set or reset individually.

47. Interfacing 8255 with 8051 • CS is used to interface 8255 with 8051 • If CS is generated from lets say Address lines A15:A12 as follows,A15:A13 = 110 • Address of 8255 is 110 xxxxx xxxx xx00b • Base address of 8255 is • 1100 0000 0000 0000b=C000H • Address of the registers • A = C000H • B = C001H • C = C002H • CR = C003H

48. Interfacing 8255 with 8051 8051 74F138 (3 to 8 decoder) A2 A1 A0 8255 CS A1 A0 O1 O0 AD7-AD0 D7-D0 74F373 (Latch with Three-State Outputs) D7-D0

49. 8255 Usage: Simple Example • 8255 memory mapped to 8051 at address C000H base • A = C000H, B = C001H, C = C002H, CR = C003H • Control word for all ports as outputs in mode0 • CR : 1000 0000b = 80H • Code segment test: mov A, #80H ; control word mov DPTR, #C003H ; address of CR movx @DPTR, A ; write control word mov A, #55h ; will try to write 55 and AA alternatively repeat: mov DPTR, #C000H ; address of PA movx @DPTR, A ; write 55H to PA inc DPTR ; now DPTR points to PB movx @DPTR, A ; write 55H to PB inc DPTR ; now DPTR points to PC movx @DPTR, A ; write 55H to PC cpl A ; toggle A (55AA, AA55) acall MY_DELAY ; small delay subroutine sjmp repeat ; for (1)