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Cell Structure and Function

Dive into the world of cells, from the smallest living unit to the diverse cell types of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Explore cell organelles, principles of cell theory, and the characteristics that define all cells. Discover the intricate machinery within cells, from the nucleus to the energy-producing mitochondria and chloroplasts. Learn about the functions of essential organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and more. Unravel the fascinating processes of cellular organization and function.

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Cell Structure and Function

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  1. Cell Structure and Function

  2. Cells • Smallest living unit • Most are microscopic

  3. Discovery of Cells • Robert Hooke (mid-1600s) • Observed sliver of cork • Saw “row of empty boxes” • Coined the term cell

  4. Cell theory • (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden “ all living things are made of cells” • (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow “all cells come from cells”

  5. Principles of Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells • Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell • All cells arise from preexisting cells (this principle discarded the idea of spontaneous generation)

  6. Cell Size

  7. Cells Have Large Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio

  8. Characteristics of All Cells • A surrounding membrane • Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid • Organelles – structures for cell function • Control center with DNA

  9. Cell Types • Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic

  10. Prokaryotic Cells • First cell type on earth • Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea

  11. Prokaryotic Cells • No membrane bound nucleus • Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration • Organelles not bound by membranes

  12. Eukaryotic Cells • Nucleus bound by membrane • Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells • Possess many organelles Protozoan

  13. Representative Animal Cell

  14. Representative Plant Cell

  15. Organelles • Cellular machinery • Inside the cell.

  16. Plasma Membrane • Contains cell contents • Double layer of phospholipids & proteins

  17. Phospholipids • Polar • Hydrophylic head • Hydrophobic tail • Interacts with water

  18. Cell Walls • Found in plants, fungi, & many protists • Surrounds plasma membrane

  19. Cytoplasm • Viscous fluid containing organelles • components of cytoplasm • Interconnected filaments & fibers • Fluid = cytosol • Organelles (not nucleus) • storage substances

  20. Membranous Organelles • Functional components within cytoplasm • Bound by membranes

  21. Nucleus • Control center of cell • Double membrane • Contains • Chromosomes • Nucleolus

  22. Nuclear Envelope • Separates nucleus from rest of cell • Double membrane • Has pores

  23. DNA • Hereditary material • Chromosomes • DNA • Protiens • Form for cell division • Chromatin

  24. Nucleolus • Most cells have 2 or more • Directs synthesis of RNA • Forms ribosomes

  25. Ribosome • Small jelly Bean shaped organelles. • Main job is to synthesize (assemble) proteins and other organic molecules.

  26. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Helps move substances within cells • Network of interconnected membranes • Two types • Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

  27. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Ribosomes attached to surface • Manufacture protiens • Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER • May modify proteins from ribosomes

  28. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • No attached ribosomes • Has enzymes that help build molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids

  29. Golgi Apparatus • Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall • Packaging & shipping of proteins and other molecules.

  30. Lysosomes • Contain digestive enzymes • Functions • Aid in cell renewal • Break down old cell parts • Digests invaders

  31. Vacuoles • Membrane bound storage sacs • More common in plants than animals • Contents • Water • Food • wastes

  32. Mitochondria • Release & store energy • Types • Mitochondria (release energy) • Chloroplasts (store energy)

  33. Mitochondria • Have their own DNA • Bound by double membrane

  34. Mitochondria • Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration) • Glucose • Fatty acids • Release energy • ATP

  35. Chloroplasts • Derived form photosynthetic bacteria • Solar energy capturing organelle

  36. Photosynthesis • Takes place in the chloroplast • Makes cellular food – glucose

  37. Review of Eukaryotic Cells

  38. Review of Eukaryotic Cells

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