The Cold War and Nationalism

1. The Cold War and Nationalism 1945-2001 Chapter 30-1

2. Origins of the Cold War: War-time Conferences War-time Conferences: • Tehran Conference 1943 • Yalta Conference 1945 • Potsdam Conference 1945

3. Tehran Conference 1943 • USSR was guaranteed to be the only power to liberate Eastern Europe

4. Yalta 1945 • Stalin agreed to allow free elections in Eastern Europe…will later renege • Germany to be divided into 4 zones controlled by: USSR, U.S., France, Britain After the war, the Russians bled reparations from their sector and would not allow reunification

5. Potsdam 1945 • Truman demanded free elections in Europe • Stalin would not agree: wanted a buffer zone between USSR and the West

6. Origins of the Cold War: Different World Views • The Soviet POV: • Democracies were traditionally hostile to communism and the USSR (Archangel & recognition) • Americans and British did not open up a western front early enough. Millions of Soviet soldiers died while holding off the Germans alone • USSR was not privy to atomic bomb project • Soviets wanted a buffer zone (especially Poland)

7. The U.S. POV • Stalin seemed intent on creating “spheres of influence” in Eastern Europe • Stalin broke pledges regarding reunification of Germany • Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech (1946) alerted the West (especially U.S.) to a future conflict with USSR • U.S. wanted to spread democracy globally

8. The Partition of Germany • Germany divided: • U.S., Brits and French combined sectors =FRG (German Federal Republic) became independent in 1949. Konrad Adenaur to 1963 • USSR = GDR (German Democratic Republic) By 1949 called East Germany. Led by Walter Ulbright 1950-1971. Reparations to USSR

9. Containment • By 1947 the U.S. was committed to stop the spread of communism • George Kennan (American ambassador to USSR) wrote a memo to Truman leading to Containment and the Truman Doctrine and The Marshall Plan

10. The Truman Doctrine • Established the U.S. Policy of Containment that lasted for four decades • The U.S. would assist free peoples requesting aid against aggressive communism • 1947: Aid to Greece and Turkey. USSR was after a foothold in the Mediterranean

11. The Marshall Plan 1949-1951 • European reconstruction: the U.S. sent $13 billion in aid (no strings) to help rebuild war-torn Europe • Part of Containment: To prevent the spread of communism to Western Europe • Was called “Economic Miracle” • Soviets refused aid to itself or Eastern European countries…saw it as a power play by U.S.

12. The Berlin Crisis & Airlift • Berlin was divided after the war just like Germany but entire city was in Soviet zone • Most talented East Berliners fled to the West to avoid reparation payments at the rate of 200 a day • Stalin blocked toads from West Berlin to West Germany • U.S. and others 11 month airlift 277,000 flights to keep West Berliners alive (Food, Rx, Coal) • Stalin gave up and opened roads in 1949

13. NATO 1949 • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Founded in response to the Berlin Crisis • Collective security organization: U.S., Canada, and European democracies (12 members total) • An attack on one = an attack on all • Today more than two dozen members

14. The Warsaw Pact 1955 • Similar to NATO • Response of USSR after West Germany joined NATO in 1954 • USSR and Eastern Bloc countries arranged for collective security

15. China • After Japanese were driven out of China • Civil war between Nationalist Chinese led by Chiang Kai-shek and Communist Chinese led by Mao Zedong (tse-tong) • Mao won and created The People’s Republic of China 1949 • Big blow to U.S. Policy of Containment

16. The Bomb • USSR successfully tested an atomic bomb in 1949 • Hydrogen Bomb: U.S. 1952 then USSR 1953 • Above led to “Doctrine of Massive Retaliation” by Dulles (Sec of State under Eisenhower) • U.S. vowed to nuke the USSR if it tried to expand

17. Korean War 1950-1953 • Was promised independence at Cairo Conference • After WWII was divided at 38th // • North of 38th // supported by USSR • South supported by U.S. Syngman Rhee • 1947 USSR refused to allow U.N. inspectors in • 1948 UN declared S. Korea as lawful government • 1949 U.S. occupational troops left S. Korea • 1950 North Korea with Soviet support invaded South

18. Korean War • USSR was boycotting Security Council (because U.S. would not allow Communist China to take over Nationalist China’s seat) • So UN Security Council voted that North Korea was guilty of breach of peace and authorized Harry Truman to send troops • MacArthur made a surprise landing well North of 18th // and Chinese poured in and forced MacArthur’s troops back to 38th //

19. Korea • Result: 1953 Cease fire at 38th // • U.S. Policy of containment success in Korea…the SPREAD of communism was prevented

20. Russia under Stalin 1945-1953 • During WWII repression was relaxed due to increased nationalism • But after WWII the Cold War inspired more repression, terror • Between 1946-1953 over 12 million Soviets killed by the government • Most died in gulags • More 5-Year Plans • Culture and art purged too

21. Eastern Europe under Stalin • Eastern Europe: Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania • Yugoslavia led by Tito had freed itself from Nazi domination without USSR’s help • Was communist but not controlled by Soviets • Had mixed economy…some private ownership

22. Eastern Europe under Stalin • The Red Army and the KGB (Soviet Secret Police) established communist one-party systems in Eastern European countries • Czechs seen as a real threat (had been a democracy) • Over ½ million Czechs were purged • 200,000 in Hungary, 189,000 Romania • 80,000 Albania

23. Eastern Europe under Stalin • 1953 uprising in East Germany was crushed • 5-Year plans established in Eastern Europe • Emphasized heavy industry and agriculture • Economic recovery slow and uneven • Czechoslovakia fared better than most

24. Nikita Khrushchev 1953-1964 • Stalin died in 1953 • Widespread fear and hatred of Stalin’s political terror • Agriculture in bad shape • Significant shortages of consumer goods • Poor living conditions

25. Khrushchev’s De-Stalinization • 1956 at 20th Party Congress Khrushchev denounced Stalin’s crimes in a secret anti-Stalin speech • Gosplan: shifted the focus from military and heavy industry to agriculture and consumer goods • Khrushchev wanted to prove that communism was superior to the West

26. Khrushchev • During Cold War many newly independent Asian and African nations were wooed by both Soviets and U.S….promises of aid, etc. • Told the West (at the UN while banging his shoe on the table) “We will bury you!” meaning the Soviets would surpass the economies of the U.S. and its allies

27. The Arts • Anti-Stalinism was tolerated • Dr. Zhivago by Boris Pasternak: told the story of an intellectual who rejected the brutality of the Bolshevik revolution & Stalinism and is ultimately destroyed. • One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisvitch by Aleksandr Solzenitsyn portrayed the grim life in a Stalinist gulag (Solzenitsyn had been a prisoner)

28. Reformers • Khrushchev was flexible • Would allow different forms of communism as long as the Communist Party remained in control • Poland 1956 (Gomulka) rioting in Poland for reform. • Khrushchev responded by removing some troops and allowing limited freedoms

29. 1956 Hungary • Students and workers in Budapest installed a liberal Communist reformer as new leader…Imre Nagy • Huge demonstrations by Hungarian nationalists demanding legalization of non-communist parties • Rebellion spread throughout the country • Hoped for help from U.S. • Rebellion was crushed with Soviet tanks

30. Hungary • Janos Kadar was installed as leader • Firm communist rule was established • Other Eastern European countries hoped for small gains while following party line

31. Peaceful Coexistence • Relations with the West improved in the 50’s • Khrushchev wanted to concentrate on improving USSR’s economy • 1955 USSR removed itself from Austria and allowed independence • Austria had been divided like Germany after WWII • =huge easing of tensions

32. Geneva Summit • USSR, U.S., France, Britain met to discuss disarmament • No agreement reached • Berlin: Khrushchev demanded that the allies leave Berlin • Gave a 6-month deadline • They did not leave and USSR took no action

33. Sputnik 1957 • Demonstrated that the Soviets were ahead of the U.S. in space technology • Led to the Space Race with the U.S.

34. The U-2 Incident • 1960 American U-2 spy plane was shot down over USSR • Pilot lived…Gary Powers • Khrushchev demanded an apology • Eisenhower would not give it • The scheduled Paris Summit was cancelled

35. The Berlin Wall • Khrushchev again demanded that the West give up their sector of Berlin • They would not • Khrushchev built the Berlin Wall

36. The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 • 1959 Cuba became a communist country • Led by Fidel Castro • 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion was U.S. failed attempt to remove Castro • Castro agreed to allow USSR to build missile sites • U.S. discovered this during Fly-bys (Kennedy)

37. The Cuban Missile Crisis • U.S. placed a blockade around Cuba • Soviet and U.S. ships at a stand-off • In the end: Khrushchev agreed to remove Cuban missile sites if U.S. would remove theirs in Turkey • U.S. promised to stop trying to remove Castro • The crisis led to Khrushchev’s downfall

38. 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty • U.S., USSR, Britain signed a treaty banning atmospheric testing in order to ease tensions • France refused to sign (she was still developing her nukes) • China became a nuclear power in 1964. Split with USSR because Russia did not share secrets of the bomb

39. The End of Khrushchev • Khrushchev’s policies seemed unsuccessful and erratic by Politburo (Berlin, Missile Crisis, losing China) • Space program expensive • No improvement in consumer goods • Agricultural projects unsuccessful • Quiet removal of Khrushchev by conservative Stalinists October 1964