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RECONSTRUCTION

RECONSTRUCTION. Reconstruction was…. The federal government’s controversial effort to 1. repair the damage to the South and 2. restore southern states to the Union. Timing of Reconstruction. Lasted from 1865-1877 That would be 12 years and involved four presidents!.

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RECONSTRUCTION

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  1. RECONSTRUCTION

  2. Reconstruction was…. • The federal government’s controversial effort to1. repair the damage to the South and • 2. restore southern states to the Union

  3. Timing of Reconstruction • Lasted from 1865-1877 • That would be 12 years and involved four presidents!

  4. Physical Damage • Farmland, machinery, work animals, livestock, and buildings destroyed • 9,000 miles of railroads • 2/3 of all shipping

  5. Ruined building in the burned district – Richmond, VA

  6. Destruction ranges from buildings and factories… Ruins of a papermill and machinery – Richmond, VA

  7. Ruins of Gallego Flour Mill - Richmond, VA

  8. Ruins of a paper mill w/ waterwheel - Richmond, VA

  9. Charleston, SC April 1865

  10. Charleston, SC April 1865

  11. Charleston, SC April 1865

  12. Atlanta, GA April 1865

  13. Vicinity of Atlanta, GA - 1864

  14. …to roadways, bridges, tunnels (infrastructure)

  15. Northern Death Toll364,000 deaths(38,000 were African Americans) Southern Death Toll260,000 deaths1/5th of all adult white males were dead1 out of 3 males were killed or wounded! Civil War Aftermath: Devastating physical toll to the South Death Tolls

  16. Consider This . . . • Who are the workers in the economy? • What now happens to the women and children?

  17. Southern Hardships • Freed Slaves (Freedmen) • New life in poor economic area • Homeless • Hungry • Unemployed

  18. Stay or Go?

  19. Southern Hardships, cont. • Plantation Owners • Loss of slave labor • Land was often seized by the government

  20. Southern Hardships, cont. • Poor White Southerners • Competing against former slaves (freedmen) for jobs • Many became migrants looking for jobs • Loss of social and political status

  21. Plantation Life Changes • Freedman now have choice – to stay or to leave • Plantation owners now have to pay salaries for labor

  22. Reintegrating the South Problem #1Determine the role of the freedmen

  23. Problem #2Define the role and acceptable power of former Confederates within their states and within the nation

  24. Problem #3 Determine which branch of government would be responsible for overseeing reconstruction

  25. Three Plans for Reconstruction Lincoln’s Plan …..Also called the 10% plan!

  26. Lincoln’s Plan • Required 10% of white men to swear allegiance (loyalty) to the constitution and the Union. • Plan included the emancipation of slaves

  27. Lincoln’s Plan, cont. • Former Confederates can run local governments • Full participation in the Union

  28. Lincoln Plan problems… Republicans in Congress felt this plan was way too kind! HE DID NOT PUNISH THE REBELS!FELT LINCOLN WAS TOO EASY ON SOUTH

  29. Lincoln’s Plan - PROBLEMS • No role for freed menidentified • No guarantee of rights or future rights

  30. Lincoln’s Plan is never implemented! • April 1865 -Lincoln assassinated

  31. President! • Andrew Johnson, (southern democrat, former slave owner) administered his own new policy

  32. The Johnson Plan • Granted amnesty (forgiveness) to some former Confederates who signed loyalty oath • Restored all property, except slaves and confiscated lands

  33. Johnson’s Plan • Voided secession laws and ratify the 13th amendment • Cancelled war debts

  34. Johnson’s Plan - PROBLEMS Very similar to Lincoln’s plan so most of the same problems plus: • Amnesty awarded to “certain” southerners (not the wealthy or high-ranking) • Flawed election process (blacks excluded from voting)

  35. Johnson’s Presidency He lacked • Mandate to govern • Support of Congress • Also was anti-civil rights “white men alone must manage the South”

  36. Consider This . . . • Who are not considered in the two plans? • What will the freedmen do? • How did the freedmen’s lives change?

  37. Radical = extreme in their beliefs • Moderates = mainstream views of the political party, not extreme at allWe had moderate plans for reconstruction (Lincoln & Johnson), but now they change to the RADICAL version called . . .

  38. Radical Reconstruction! Congress bypasses President Johnson and enacts the Reconstruction Act of 1867 -passed by radical republicans -state governments declared illegal 1. south divided into 5 military districts

  39. Radical Reconstruction cont… To rejoin the Union: 2. Adopt a constitution guaranteeing allmale citizens the right to vote 3. Elect a new government 4. Ratify the 14th amendment (no white southern who served as conf. soldier/official could vote on new constitution)

  40. Johnson not Cooperating! • Vetoes legislation that would extend help to freed blacks (Freedman’s Bureau) • Vetoesthe Civil Rights Act of 1866 that would extend citizenship and equal rights to all freed slaves • Fires the Secretary of War (a Radical Replublican)

  41. Impeachment! • Congressional power growing -The House votes to “impeach” Johnson (to accuse of wrongdoing and bring to trial) -President escapes removal by only 1 vote!

  42. Civil War Amendments • 13th Amendment • Unlike the Emancipation Proclamation, this change to the Constitution ends ALL slavery in the United States

  43. Declared former slaves CITIZENS • Equal Rights for ALL CITIZENS

  44. 15th Amendment • Election of 1870 – many angry white southerners refused to (or couldn’t) vote • More than 600 African Americans were elected to southern legislatures and 16 black men were elected to congress The right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude (if you were a slave)

  45. Freedom • The joys of freedom… • Freedom of movement, land ownership, education, etc. • The realities of life… • Food, Clothing and Shelter?

  46. Freedmen’s Bureau • Developed to help former slaves • Provided food, schools, legal help, etc • Unpopular with many white southerners • Vetoed by Johnson

  47. anger at being forced to submit to the acts of Reconstruction leads to defiance • Fear of loss of power leads to…

  48. BLACK CODES • set limits on the rights and opportunities of African Americans

  49. “Now that the slaves have become emancipated, it is necessary to pass regulations that preserve public order. These regulations must also preserve the correct behavior of the former slaves.” Therefore, the following rules have been adopted • Every Negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person or former owner • No public meetings or congregations of Negroes shall be allowed after sunset. • A Negro may not testify against a white person in a Court of Law. • It shall be illegal for a Negro or a person of Negro descent to marry a white person. • No Negro shall be permitted outside in public after sundown without permission in writing from the government. • Negroes may not serve on juries. • No person may vote in this county who does not own land, cannot read or whose grandfather could not vote

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