Japan

1. “The multi-island nation of Japan is off the coast of East Asia and has approximately the same latitude and range of climate as the East Coast of the United States.” (3) Japan Celeste Jensen And Roxy Falsetto Map provided by Google

2. Why We Chose Japan • Heard good things about the Japanese diet • Wanted to learn more about Japanese culture • The food is so beautiful! • Love the “lighter food” in the diet; food in the United States is so “heavy”

3. History (3) • Japanese immigration to the United States occurred after 1890 during the Meiji era. • The immigrants were mostly young men with four to six years of education looking for economic opportunities. • Most immigrants settled in Hawaii and on the West Coast. • They were very successful and prospered within their ethnic communities. • Most Japanese women came to the United States by arranged marriages as picture brides. They were married by proxy in Japan and did not meet their husbands until they arrived in America.

4. History Cont. (3) • Issei [ees-sey] =First-generation immigrants born in Japan • Nisei[nee-sey=Second-generation born in the United States • Sansei[sahn-sey]=known as the third generation • Yonsei=Fourth generation

5. History Cont. (3) • The Issei were ineligible to become U.S. citizens and classified as aliens. • When land ownership became illegal in 1913 they were unable to buy land and those who owned land had half of their land taken away from them. • The Japanese Exclusion Act of 1924 stopped Japanese immigration completely. • As a result many lost their homes and businesses. • They still volunteered for combat duty and fought in Europe. • After the war most discriminatory laws were repealed or ruled unconstitutional. • “According to 2007 U.S. Census, there are 864,000 Japanese Americans living in the United States.”

6. Japanese Culture (3,9) • Japan has a very urban culture with only 1% of their labor force in agriculture • Very high sanitary and health standards; this helps to produce a high life expectancy • Industrialized cities are overcrowded with congested roads and air pollution • Health problems mostly come from environment, not their diet Pictures provided by Google

7. Japanese Statistics (13) • Japanese Life Expectancy: Men=81 years, Women=87 years • United States Life Expectancy: Men=76 years, Women=81 years • Economy • Third largest free market in the world • Efficient and competitive in international trade • Lower productivity in agriculture, distribution, and services • There are 64.97 million workers with 48.5 % of them women Pictures Provided By Google

8. Japanese Family (3) • The Issei expect their children to care for them in their old age. • Self control is very important, so suppressing emotion is considered virtuous. • Strong social control is advised. • It is important to be polite and to show respect, so older Americans of Japanese descent are neither aggressive nor assertive. • Assimilated into nuclear families. • Issei women worked alongside their husbands to support the family financially. • “Sansei couples generally form dual career households.” • “In 2007, median family income was 30 percent above the national median, and fewer than 5 percent of families lived in poverty…” • 50% marry outside their ethnic group.

9. Religion Before Immigration (3, 10) Shintoism • Indigenous religion of Japan and it’s beliefs are a fundamental part of Japanese culture. (Everything has a soul) • The Shinto view is that humans are inherently good. Goodness is associated with purity. • Evil is caused by pollution or filthiness physical as well as spiritual; Evil can be removed through ritual purification. • Deities are called kami. • Kami represents any form of existence (human, animal, plant, or geologic) that evokes a sense of awe. • They worship kami out of respect and thankfulness and they offer prayers for divine favors and blessings, as well as for avoidance of misfortunes and accidents.

10. Religion After Immigration (3,10) Buddhism and Christianity Buddhism • Belief in an afterlife • Accommodates itself to local faiths • Shintoism and Buddhism coexist and both faiths are practiced simultaneously by Japanese families • Early Japanese immigrants usually joined a Buddhist temple or a Christian church after arriving in America. Christianity • Today, it is thought that there are more Japanese Americans who belong to Protestant faiths than who follow Buddhism. • The church frequently provided employment and an opportunity to learn English.

11. Traditional Japanese Diet (11) • Portion control- food is served on separate small plates instead of one big plate • More rice ( main staple food)- rice is consumed at every meal; low-fat, complex carbohydrates keeps us full and also helps with portion control • More vegetables- 4 or 5 different vegetables in one meal, served simmered in broth, stir-fry with oil, or steamed; and only vegetables in season • Fish- Japan accounts for 2 % of the world’s population and consumes 10 % of all the world’s fish • Desserts- mostly fruit • Green Tea is consumed at every meal • Japanese diet does have a ton of sodium • Sushi is a very popular Japanese specialty • Seaweed and algae is used in cooking for seasoning; used as a wrapping, in salads, or soup • Most of the food supply is imported

12. Traditional Japanese Diet Cont. (11) • 3 meals per day with a snack • Breakfast and lunch is called “ichiju or issei; means soup with 1 side • Dinner is called “ichiju sansei”; means soup with 3 sides • Dishes are presented at the same time in individual portions; with each food in its own bowl or plate • Emphasis on appearance of the meal so there is a visual appeal; this reflects balance among foods and the environment • Ex. A summer meal may be served on glass dishes so it looks cooler

13. Health (3) • Shinto concepts of purity and pollution are popular. • Health maintained through cleanliness and avoidance of contaminating substances. • Botanical remedies were used, mostly purgatives(Laxatives), in the prevention and treatment of disease. • Buddhist concept of harmony and energy are used. • If you are not balanced in nature, family and society then there is an imbalance in your health. • “Poor diet, insufficient sleep, lack of exercise or conflict with family or society disrupts the proper flow of energy within the body, leading to illness.” • Adopted Chinese Kanpo (Study of herbs), acupuncture, moxibustion, and massage as ways to restore energy to the body.

14. Health Concerns (3, 9) Here in America and in Japan • Stress-induced illness due to overworking • An estimated 10,000 Japanese men die annually from overwork • Anxiety and Depression • An estimated $30 billion is spent on stress reducing therapies • Stroke is a big problem (hypertension) • In 2009 it was reported that 7 million Japanese had diabetes (Mostly Type II) • “There are an estimated 2 million people with hepatitis C in Japan” • Lactose intolerance is high (Calcium intake needs to be monitored) • High incidents of drinking and smoking. • Dental Hygiene issues

15. Recipe: Sunomono Salad (1) • This dish serves as a great accompaniment to most Japanese meals. Sunomono translates into English roughly as vinegared food. The following recipe is both light and refreshing. • This dish is especially good to eat in the summer to help keep cool.

16. Sake to Me (7) 日本酒Rice Wine • Is an alcoholic beverage of Japanese origin • Made from fermented rice. • Also called nihonshu • Serving size is one ounce • Total calories = 39 • All calories come from alcohol • Total fat=0 • Total Carbs=1g • Protein= 0 • Total sodium=1mg Picture provided by Google

17. Modifications • Take out crab meat for vegetarians or for people with seafood allergies • Use Balsamic Vinegar instead of Soy Sauce to reduce the extremely high sodium content • Add chicken if people still want meat; it also adds some of the lost micronutrients when crab is taken out *Soy Sauce Nutrition Facts Label (picture provided by Google)

18. Ingredients (1) • 3.5oz Dried RiceNoodles • 7oz. Crab Meat [I love the Phillips brand] (Substitute with 7oz. Shredded Chicken) • 1 English Cucumber • 1 Small Carrot • 1 Small Ginger Root • 1 Small Japanese Radish Marinade: • 3.4oz Seasoned Rice Vinegar [Marukan or Mitsukan] • 1/2oz Sake • dash Soy Sauce [Kikkoman or Yamasa] (Substitute with dash Balsamic Vinegar) • dash Sesame Oil

19. Nutritional Analysis (8 servings) (4) Original Recipe Modified Recipe • Calories: 482 kcal • Calories from fat: 37 • Total Fat: 4.17 g • Saturated Fat: 0.55 g • Polyunsaturated Fat: 1.5 g • Monounsaturated Fat: 0.59 g • Cholesterol: 198.2 mg • Sodium: 1695.6 mg • Potassium: 1617 mg • Carbohydrate: 55.6 g • Fiber: 6 g • Protein: 45 g • Calories: 247 kcal • Calories from Fat: 5.6 • Total Fat: .65 g • Saturated Fat: 0.1 g • Polyunsaturated Fat: 0.15 g • Monounsaturated Fat0: 0.04 g • Cholesterol: 0 mg • Sodium:519 mg • Potassium: 919 mg • Carbohydrate: 53.7 g • Fiber: 5.8 g • Protein: 3.3 g

20. Nutritional Analysis Cont (8 servings) (4) Original Modified • Vitamin A: 171 % • Calcium: 35% • Vitamin D: 0% • Thiamin: 24% • Niacin: 40% • Vitamin B6: 32% • Phosphorus: 57% • Selenium: 119% • Zinc: 62 % • Vitamin C: 73 % • Iron: 26% • Vitamin E: 20% • Vitamin A: 171 % • Calcium: 14% • Vitamin D: 0% • Thiamin: 10% • Niacin: 4% • Vitamin B6: 12% • Phosphorus: 13% • Selenium: 5% • Zinc: 7% • Vitamin C: 62% • Iron: 13 % • Vitamin E: 2%

21. Nutritional Analysis Cont (8 servings) (4) Original Modified • Riboflavin: 15% • Vitamin B12: 250 % • Manganese: 45% • Copper: 85% • Magnesium: 37% • Riboflavin: 5% • Vitamin B12: 0% • Manganese: 21 % • Copper: 20% • Magnesium: 18%

22. Nutritional Analysis of Chicken (7 oz) (4) • Calories: 470.3 kcal • Calories from Fat: 241.4 • Fat: 26.76 g • Saturated Fat: 7.46 g • Polyunsaturated Fat: 5.84 g • Monounsaturated Fat: 10.51 g • Cholesterol: 173.18 g • Sodium: 802.1 g • Potassium: 439 mg • Carbohydrate: 0 g • Fiber: 0 g • Protein: 53.73 g • Vitamin A: 6 % • Calcium: 3% • Vitamin D: 0% • Thiamin: 8 % • Niacin: 84% • Vitamin B6: 39% • Phosphorus: 36% • Selenium: 67% • Zinc: 25% • Vitamin C: 0% • Iron: 14% • Vitamin E: 3% • Riboflavin: 19% • Vitamin B12: 10% • Manganese: 2% • Copper: 7% • Magnesium: 11%

23. Counseling Tips (3) • “Japanese Americans often believe that the health care provider is a knowledgeable authority figure who will meet their needs without assistance.” • Most expect to be guided in their health care, and will see a provider who gives orders as disrespectful and critical. This will cause noncompliance. • They respond to unhurried, detailed and sound information that can be integrated into their daily lives. • “Illness may be regarded as both a symptom of an unbalanced life as well as an impediment to fulfilling personal obligations.” • They are less accepting of pain behaviors. • Issei, and Nisei expect formality and politeness, never use their first name this is insulting. • The Sansei and Yonsei are less formal. • Emotions are avoided, especially anger, so they will not be confrontational and “may be reluctant to say "no" even when the answer to a question is negative.” • Waving a hand in front of the face with the palm outward indicates "I'm unsure" or “I don’t know” • Conversational style is indirect with pauses, up to several minutes. It is best to remain silent during such pauses.

24. Counseling Tips Cont. (3) • Direct eye contact is considered disrespectful. • Glancing around or downcast eyes are expected. • Smiling can indicate pleasure or be used to hide displeasure. • Sucking in air through the teeth can also be a sign of discomfort or anger. • They tend to be a non-touching culture, and personal space is important. • They are comfortable with a light handshake. • Their communication style is high-context, and the slightest gesture could have meaning. • The traditional greeting is a bow from the waist with palms against thighs. The lower the bow and the longer it is held, the more respect is shown.

26. Japanese New Year! • Japanese New Year is called osechi-ryori • Each dish has meaning- good health, good harvest, happiness, prosperity, and long life • It is celebrated on January 1st and has been around 1873 • Umami- savory taste, called the sixth taste bud

27. References • 1. Japanese Sunomono Salad. Miyamoto Web site. http://www.sushilinks.com/sushi-recipes/japanese-salad.html. Accessed September 23, 2012. • 2. Labensky SR, Martel PR, Hause AM. On Cooking: A Textbook of Culinary Fundamentals. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall; 2011:93,119. • 3. Kittler P; Sucher KP; Nelms M. Food and Culture. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; 2011:321-329. • 4. Food Log. Fit Day Web site. http://www.fitday.com/app/home/dashboard#23SEP2012. Accessed September 23, 2012. • 5. Chopsticks (English Version). You Tube Web site. http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=DJrz8HYaOfA. Accessed September 24, 2012. • 6. Dictionary.Com. Dictionary.Com Web site. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/issei. AccessedOctober 12, 2012. • 7. Sake. Wikipedia Web site. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake. Accessed October 13, 2012. • 8. Alcoholic beverage, rice (sake) Self Nutrition Data Web site. http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beverages/7700/2. Accessed October 13, 2012. • 9. DISEASES AND HEALTH PROBLEMS IN JAPAN: CANCER, AIDS, HEPATITIS, H1N1 FLU, CEDAR ALLERGY AND DISEASE PREVENTION. Facts and Details Web site. http://factsanddetails.com/japan.php?itemid=835&catid=18. Accessed October 13,2013. • 10 Background Note: Japan. U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4142.htm. Accessed September 19, 2012. • 11. Kovacs, Jenny. Diets of the World: The Japanese Diet. WebMD. http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/diets-of-world-japanese-diet . Accessed on September 19, 2012. • 12. Hardacre, Helen. Bestor, Theodore. Contemporary Japan: The Japanese Family. Asian Topics: An Online Resource for Asian History and Culture. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/at/contemp_japan/cjp_family_01.html Accessed October 7, 2012. • 13. East and Southeast Asia. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html . Accessed on October 7, 2012. • 14. North America: United States. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html . Accessed on October 7, 2012.