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Music Appreciation

Music Appreciation. Class #6. The “Classical” Period. 1750 – 1800 “C”lassical vs. “c”lassical. Pompeii (0079-1748). www2.pompeiisites.org/. Herculaneum. Principal Driving Thoughts. Equality Balance Symmetry Logic Restraint Form Clarity Simplicity. The Age of Enlightenment.

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Music Appreciation

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  1. Music Appreciation Class #6

  2. The “Classical” Period • 1750 – 1800 • “C”lassical vs. “c”lassical

  3. Pompeii (0079-1748) www2.pompeiisites.org/

  4. Herculaneum

  5. Principal Driving Thoughts • Equality • Balance • Symmetry • Logic • Restraint • Form • Clarity • Simplicity

  6. The Age of Enlightenment • Rationalism • Education • Secularism • Religion < Science • Utilitarianism • Laws

  7. Enlightened Despotism • Habsburg Empire • France • Marie Antoinette • Austria • Josef II • "Everything for the people, nothing by the people."

  8. Classical Philosophers • Rationalists • "I think, therefore I am." • Empiricalism • Science • “Tabula rasa” • Politics • Revolution

  9. Education! • John Locke • "I think I may say that of all the men we meet with, nine parts of ten are what they are, good or evil, useful or not, by their education.“

  10. Implications? • Change • Improvement • Questions

  11. Writers • Francois-Marie Voltaire • Candide (1759) • “The Best of All Possible Worlds” • Political sarcasm • Religious ridicule • Scandal • Banned

  12. The Middle Class • Income + Education • leisure time • Available music • public concerts, concert series • printing • skill level

  13. Music of The Classical period • Franz Josef Haydn • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart • Ludwig van Beethoven (1/3?)

  14. Classical music “ideal” • Universal • Entertaining • Expressive • Simple • Pleasing • Accessible

  15. Franz Josef Haydn (1732-1809)

  16. “Papa” Haydn • Father of Classical Music • Forms • Symphony • “Chamber Music” • String Quartet (83!) • Benevolent and generous

  17. Form • Sonata (“Sonata Allegro”) • Allegro • Adagio (Andante) (Optional 3rd movement: Allegro) • Allegro

  18. Form within a form • Exposition • Development • Recapitulation

  19. Chamber Music • Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: • “Four rational people in polite conversation.” • “Chamber” = room • Musicians • Two up to… • Amateurs (?!) • Difficulty level

  20. “The Joke” • String Quartet • Op. 33 No. 2 • IV. Presto

  21. Patronage System • Civilian employment • Guaranteed income • Artistic freedom

  22. Esterhazy family castle (#1)

  23. Employment • Composition • Chamber Music • Symphonies • Opera • Ballet • Rehearsals • Performances • Travel

  24. Two representative selections • “Surprise Symphony” • 1791 • “The Creation” • 1798

  25. “Surprise!” • The “London” Symphonies • 1791-1795 • Orchestration • Flute, Oboe, Bassoon • French horn, Trumpet • Violin, Viola, Cello, Bass • Timpani

  26. Theme and Variations • Theme • Two parts • Simple • Hummable • Folk song?

  27. Variations • Four variations • Ossia (Countermelody) Laughter? • Key change C Major to c minor • Rhythm Faster? • Tutti

  28. “The Creation” • Messiah performance • “He (Handel) is the master of us all.” • Libretto • Genesis • Psalms • John Milton: Paradise Lost

  29. Baron Gottfried von Swieten • Librarian • Patron • Translator • Editor? • Producer

  30. Inspiration • “I was never so devout as when I was at work on The Creation. I fell on my knees each day and begged God to give the strength to finish the work.” • Time line • 1796-98

  31. Premiere • Schwarzenberg Palace • Government • Royalty • Composers • Special police crowd control • 120 instrumentalists and 60 singers

  32. Performances • Success! • London (English) • Europe • Paris -- Napoleon • Russia • United States • Final Vienna performance

  33. Composition • Soloists • Soprano, Tenor, Bass • Chorus • SATB • Full Orchestra • Harpsichord and fortepiano

  34. Roles • Soprano • Angel Gabriel • Eve • Tenor • Uriel (God of Light) • Bass • Angel Raphael • Adam

  35. Chorus • Narrative • End of each day • Interaction with the characters

  36. Tone Poem • Fully orchestrated “Program Music” • Symphonic Poem

  37. Orchestral prelude • William Herschel • Astronomer • Composer • Nebular Hypothesis • Chaos into order • Darkness into light

  38. Musical “creation” • Void • Harmony • Melody • Dissonance • Order • Unique Harmonies • Dynamics • Instrumental combinations

  39. Angel Raphael And God made the firmament, And divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were able the firmament: and it was so. Then howling winds raged the blast of the tempest; The clouds then were driven like chaff in the wind, The lightnings slashed the heavens asunder, And crashing thunder resounded on high. From waters rose at His command the all-refreshing rain, the devastating hail, the light and flaky snow.

  40. Uriel And God said, “let there be lights in the firmament of heaven to divide the day from the night, to give their light upon the earth; and let them be for signs and for seasons, and for days and for years. He made the stars also.

  41. Uriel In shining splendor, radiant now the sun bestrides the sky; a wondrous, joyful bridegroom, a giant proud and glad, he runs his ordered course. With softer steps and wistful shimmer, steals the moon through still enshadowed night. The boundless vaults of heaven’s domain shine with unnumbered magnitude of stars. And the sons of God rejoiced in the fourth day in chorus divine, praising God’s great might, and saying:

  42. Later life… • Austria/Hungarian National Anthem • String Quartet in C Major Op. 76 No. 3 • "Kaiser“ • 2. Poco adagio: cantabile • Friendships and students • Mozart • Beethoven

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