Unit 4: The Early Republic

1. Unit 4: The Early Republic 1789-1844

2. In this Unit… • Chapter 9: Launching a New Republic • Chapter 10: The Jefferson Era • Chapter 11: National and Regional Growth

3. Chapter 9: Launching a New Republic Lesson 1: Washington’s Presidency

4. Essential Question What traditions and tensions first appeared in the early years of the new country?

5. Vocabulary • John Jay: first chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court • Cabinet: group of executive department heads that serve as the president’s chief advisors • Inaugurate: to formally swear in or induct into office • Precedent: an example that becomes standard practice • Tariff: tax on imported goods

6. Key Question What were some challenges faced by George Washington?

7. Washington’s New Government • First presidential election was held in 1789 • Washington was elected • The runner-up John Adams became vice-president • Inauguration took place in New York City, the capital • Every action set a precedent • “His Excellency” vs. “Mr. President”

8. Assembling a Cabinet • Needed to create departments to help run the country • State • Treasury • War • Justice • Postal Service • Heads of these departments are chosen by president • Called the cabinet

9. The Nation’s Finances • WAR DEBTS • Other countries: Spain, Netherlands, France • Citizens • Soldiers • By 1789- $52 million • Other countries wouldn’t do business with a country who did not pay off debts • HAMILTON’S PROPOSALS • Pay off all war debt • Raise government income and profits • Create a national bank

10. Building a Strong Government • TARIFFS • Taxes on imports • Encourages national business • Increased income • NATIONAL BANK • Kept money in a safe location • Could give loans • Could issue money

11. Key Question What were some challenges faced by George Washington?

12. Chapter 9: Launching a New Republic Lesson 2: Challenges to the New Government

13. Vocabulary • Battle of Fallen Timbers: 1794 battle between Native Americans and American forces • Treaty of Greenville: 1795 treaty in which 12 Native American tribes ceded control of much of Ohio and Indiana to the U.S. government • Whiskey Rebellion: 1794 protest against the government’s tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers • Jay’s Treaty: Agreement that ended the dispute with Britain over American shipping during the French Revolution • Pinckney’s Treaty: 1795 treaty with Spain allowing U.S. commercial use of the Mississippi River

14. Key Question How did Washington establish authority at home and avoid wars abroad?

15. Problems at Home • Nation needed peace • Trouble between Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River • Spain, Britain, the U.S. and Native Americans all claimed land • Battles in the Northwest Territory • August 20, 1794 • 2,000 Native Americans meet 1,000 American troops • In Ohio • Native Americans were defeated • Called the Battle of Fallen Timbers • Native Americans knew they had lost the Northwest Territory • 12 troops signed the Treaty of Greenville that gave up their land to the U.S.

16. Problems at Home • Washington put a tax on whiskey • Farmers were furious • 1794 Whiskey Rebellion occurred • Pennsylvania • 13,000 soldiers put down the rebellion • Rebels fled • Proved Washington could enforce laws

17. Problems Abroad • America was still very involved with Europe • Events in Europe had effects in America • FRENCH REVOLUTION • 1789 • Financial problems led to rebellions • People wanted freedom and equality like America • Executed the king and queen • Britain, Holland, and Spain joined the war against the revolution • What should the U.S. do? • France had helped during our revolution • Britain was America’s best trading partner • U.S. remained neutral • Britain began to seize cargo from American ships

18. Problems Abroad • Jay’s Treaty • Britain agreed to pay damages from cargo ships • Britain left the Ohio River Valley but still kept its fur trade in America • Many frontier settlers were angry • Pinckney’s Treaty • Americans could use Mississippi River • U.S. goods could be stored in New Orleans • U.S. and Spain agreed on a border for Florida • Americans began to feel safer because issues abroad were being taken care of

19. Key Question How did Washington establish authority at home and avoid wars abroad?

20. Chapter 9: Launching a New Republic Lesson 3: The Federalists in Charge

21. Vocabulary • John Adams: Second President of the United States • Alien and Sedition Acts: Series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants • States’ rights: Idea that the states have certain rights that the federal government cannot overrule • Nullification: idea that a state could cancel a federal law within a state • Foreign Policy: Relations with the governments of other nations • Political Party: Group of people that tries to promote its ideas and influence government • Aliens: Immigrants who are not yet citizens • Sedition: Stirring up rebellion against a government

22. Key Question How did Federalists dominate politics under President John Adams?

23. Washington Retires • Washington decided that 8 years in office (2 terms) was enough • As President, Washington tried to promote national unity • Many criticized his decision to remain neutral in the French Revolution • Washington’s Final Concerns • Dealt with foreign policy • Advised nation to remain neutral and avoid permanent alliances • Cautioned against letting political differences divide the nation • At the end of Washington’s terms, Americans were very divided • Strong Central Government vs. Weak Central Government

24. Growth of Political Parties • Differences led to creation of political parties • Thomas Jefferson and John Madison led the Democratic-Republican Party • Emphasis on democracy and republican system • Limited power of national government • Strict interpretation • Farmers and workers supported this party • Today is the Democratic Party • Alexander Hamilton led the Federalist Party • Belief in Strong National Government • Loose interpretation • Merchants and manufacturers supported this party • Based off of the supporters of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution

25. John Adams’s Administration • Adams chosen as 2nd president • Jefferson became VP • Issues with France • Washington left with strong tensions • France seized and harassed over 300 US ships

26. Alien and Sedition Acts • New immigrants often supported Democratic-Republican party • Congress was dominated by Federalists • Passed the Alien and Sedition Acts • For immigrants that weren’t citizens yet • Could not get citizenship for 5-14 years • President could arrest or deport any suspicious immigrants during wartime • Sedition: stirring up rebellion against a government • This was also outlawed

27. Peace with France • Adams opened talks up with France again • Agreed to stop all naval attacks • All ships could sail in peace

28. Key Question How did Federalists dominate politics under President John Adams?