Essential Question: Why is there conflict? How can conflict bring two societies closer together?

1. Unit 6: Conflict and ChangeA study in the uses and abuses of powerCase Study: ConquistadorsLesson: #10 Essential Question: Why is there conflict? How can conflict bring two societies closer together? Is it in human nature to dominate? Can one person make a difference? Is one person’s freedom fighter another person’s terrorist? Is fighting ever justified?

2. Warm-upWhat’s going on in this image…

3. Reflective Pre-write • Should people act in a certain way? How? • Is one way of living life superior to another? Why?

4. Discussion • Should people act in a certain way? How? • Is one way of living life superior to another? Why? • Do you think the European way of acting and living is superior? Why? • Do you think the Native’s way of acting and living is superior? Why?

5. Notes on the Age of Exploration Directions: Write down the main ideas and supporting details while learning about the European Explorers encounters in the Americas.

6. HernanCortes • 1519: Cortes traveled to Cuba and then Yucatan (Mexico). The natives gave him small offerings of food and a gold mask, but then asked the Spanish to go: “We wish neither war nor trade. We have no more gold – you will be killed if you do not leave,” which ended in a battle that the natives lost. • He continued to the Isle of Sacrifices where an explorer landed a year earlier. The natives greeted him kindly remembering the other explorer’s kindness and hoped they would be allies. • Several days later, a messenger of the Mexican King Montezuma, arrived to greet the guests. The messenger put a damp finger to the earth and raised it to his lips (“to eat dirt” a sign of respect), and he lit incense and bled offering the blood. Cortes presented himself as ambassador of a king who ruled “the greater part of the world.” Cortes gave a demonstration of his guns, horses and cannons. The natives fell to the ground in fear • The messenger returned to Montezuma to report on the encounter with the Spaniards. Montezuma was frightened and thought he was the returning Quetzalcoatl (exiled god) who promised to return to claim his kingdom.

7. HernanCortes • Discussion Questions: • What do you think is the goal of Cortes and the Spaniards? • Should the Aztecs be frightened of Cortes and the Spanish? Why or why not?

8. Francisco Pizarro (and Bartolome Ruiz) • 1524: He landed in Panama, but had difficulties and fighting so he returned to Spain empty handed. • 1526-1527: He and Bartolome Ruiz went on a large expedition of 160 men, but the two explorers split up. • Ruiz found the Incas off the coast of modern-Ecuador. He saw the Inca had silver, gold, precious stones and intricately woven fabric. The Spanish took three Inca to be trained as interpreters and used sign language to explain that the gold came from land far South.

9. Francisco Pizarro • Nueva CoronicayBuenGobierno (Letter to a King) – frustrated by the Spanish mistreatment of the Inca people, Don Felipe wamanPoma de Ayala (Inca and Spanish) sent an illustrated letter to King Phillip III of Spain to document the Inca culture and history. • Waman wrote, “The Kings of an earlier dynasty of Peru, the last of whom was called Tocay Capac Pinahua Capac, had their coat-of-arms specially drawn to illustrate their legitimate descent from the Sun. These rulers were called Intipchurin, which means “children of the sun.” The father of the Inca dynasty declared that his father was the Sun, his mother the Moon and his brother the Day-Star.”

10. Francisco Pizarro • Pizarro and his men were camped on the uninhabitable island of Gorgon Island off a mangrove coast of Columbia. The men were sick of the promises and mutiny was in the air. After a few months, they set sail for Columbia and Ecuador. • Ruiz and his interpreters continued to travel down the mangrove coast • The Spanish anchored: • “When the indigenous people saw the ship coming on the sea they were amazed, as this was something they had never seen before,” says Cieza de Leon. They prepared food for the Spanish and sailed out to greet them. The local governor said they were “welcome to come ashore and provision themselves with water and whatever they needed without fear of harm.” • However, the incubation period of smallpox is only a few days and swept through the Inca army. The governor caught it and had to name a successor to be ratified by his council of wise men. They couldn’t agree. The empire plunged into a bloody civil war.

11. Francisco Pizarro • Discussion: • Should Ruiz and Pizarro have split up? • What makes an explorer and expedition successful? • Is it Pizarro’s fault the Inca caught small pox? Why or why not?

12. Cabeza de Vaca • 1527: De Vaca landed in Florida with about 300 men. They had faced storms, disease and starvation before being shipwrecked off the coast of Texas in 1528 and living with Indians for eight years. • “We looked the very image of death and the north wind begun to blow and we were closer to death than to life…and at the hour of dusk the Indians came looking for us and when they saw the disaster that had come upon us and the depths we were in, they sat down along us, and with the great grief and the pity they felt for us, all of them begun to cry.” • De Vaca lived among the natives as a slave, working for his hosts. When he was able, he moved inland to work as a trader along the coast. • He lived as a nomad for five years before finding other survivors – Castillo, the ship’s doctor’s son Estvanico, a Moroccan Moor and Dorantes. They joined together and ventured south to Mexico.

13. Cabeza de Vaca • They traveled 2,000-miles through cliffs, waterholes and mountains and encountered many native peoples. • The half-naked De Vaca, African Moor and 11 Indians adventured until they encountered slave-hunters: • “At dawn we came upon four Christians on horseback. Seeing my strange attire and that I was in the company of Indians they were greatly started. They stared at me for quite a while, so great was their surprise that they could not find words to ask me anything. I spoke first and told them to take me to their leader.” • They identified their location and news of their survival spread. While they were re-oriented to Christian-ways, they continued to wear the Indian rags and sleep on the ground. • When they reached Mexico City, Cortes met them. De Vaca sailed from Veracruz in 1537, wintered in Cuba and then landed in Lisbon August 1538. He made his way back to Spain. • When he returned to Spain, he wrote a book on his experiences. The book revealed empathy and respect for the Indians.

14. Cabeza de Vaca • Discussion: • Why do you think Cabeza de Vaca became an explorer? • Why do you think Cabeza de Vaca chose to write a book about his journey?

15. Francisco de Orellana • 1541: A rumor spread in Quito that beyond the mountains lay a land richer than Mexico or even Peru – a land of gold… • According to the legend, the ruler was “the golden man,” El Dorado. • At this point, Gonzalo Pizarro was the governor of Quito – half brother of “the conqueror of Peru” Francisco Pizarro. He gathered resources for an expedition: • to find La Canela (the land of cinnamon) • to assess new lands for colonization • to find El Dorado. • They set off and immediately encountered difficulty crossing the Andes. • Francisco de Orellana, known for fighting the Manca Inca, embarked on the journey. • They found cinnamon, but they were hungry and demoralized. • Almost all 4,000 natives with them were dead and many of his men were too sick to move. He ordered the men to build a boat to carry the gear, sick and wounded.

16. Francisco de Orellana • Starvation set in, so Orellana suggested 60 men precede down-river in search of food. According to a diarist, the two agreed that if Orellana did not return, Pizarro should not be concerned, and that Orellana should “do whatever he thought best.” • Within three days, Orellanarealized the current was too strong for him to turn back. “We chose what seemed the lesser of two evils, trusting to God to get us out, to go on and follow the river. We would either die or get to see what lay along it.” They were headed toward the tributaries of the Amazon (Napo river). • “We were chewing our boots and belts by now.” Seven of the fifty-seven men died of starvation. A few days later, they heard drums so they headed inland. When the Indians saw the white men, they ran into the jungle, but slowly returned. The natives received them kindly offering hospitality, shelter and food.

17. Francisco de Orellana • Discussion: • Do you think it was a good decision for Orellana to leave Pizarro? • Why do you think the Indians ran away at first? • Why do you think they ended up helping the white men?

18. Hernan Cortes letter to Charles V • Read • Write – observations, thoughts and emotions

19. Document Analysis Reflections Directions: As we look at images and read quotes from the natives and explorers, write down important observations (what you see) and thoughts or emotions (what you think/how you feel).

20. Project Work • Begin planning for the Conquistadors’ perspective • Begin writing the News Broadcast

21. Pre-write • What were the Conquistadors first impressions of the natives? Why? How did Cortes describe the natives? • Were the Conquistadors first impressions of the natives accurate? Why or why not? • How did their impression and judgment impact how they treated the natives? Was the treatment fair? Why? • How did the natives react to the Conquistadors? Were their reactions fair and appropriate?

22. Discussion • What were the Conquistadors first impressions of the natives? Why? How did Cortes describe the natives? • Were the Conquistadors first impressions of the natives accurate? Why or why not? • How did their impression and judgment impact how they treated the natives? Was the treatment fair? Why? • How did the natives react to the Conquistadors? Were their reactions fair and appropriate?

23. Rapid Write • WRITE A SOLID PARAGRAPH (at least 6 sentences) • Topic sentence: State your opinion/answer to the question (1 sentence) • Introduce evidence: Where did you get your examples/evidence (1 sentence) • Evidence: Fact (quote/paraphrase) to support your opinion (1-2 sentences) • Discuss: Explain HOW/WHY your examples/evidence support the opinion/answer you wrote in your topic sentence (3 sentences) • QUESTION: Did the European Conquistadors accurately “judge” the natives? Explain. • (According to whose perspective? Think about difference in perspective)