KEY CONCEPT The respiratory and circulatory systems bring oxygen and nutrients to the cells.

1. KEY CONCEPT The respiratory and circulatory systems bring oxygen and nutrients to the cells.

2. Oxygen-poor blood Oxygen-rich blood The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to maintain homeostasis. • The circulatory system transports blood and other materials. • brings supplies to cells • carries away wastes • separates oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood

3. sinus nose mouth epiglottis trachea lungs • picks up oxygen from inhaled air • expels carbon dioxide and water • The respiratory system is where gas exchange occurs.

4. alveoli bronchiole The respiratory system moves gases into and out of the blood. • The lungs contain the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. • Millions of alveoli give the lungs a huge surface area. • The alveoli absorb oxygen from the air you inhale.

5. Air inhaled. Air exhaled. Muscles and rib cage relax. Muscles contract and rib cage expands. Diaphragm flattens and moves downward. Diaphragm relaxes and rises. • Breathing involves the diaphragm and muscles of the rib cage. • Air flows from areas of high pressure to low pressure.

6. veins arteries The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body. • The system includes the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. • heart pumps blood throughout body • arteries move blood away from heart • veins move blood back to heart • capillaries get blood to and from cells

7. transporting blood, gases, nutrients • There are three major functions of the circulatory system. • collecting waste materials • maintaining body temperature

8. KEY CONCEPT The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide.

9. ALVEOLI GAS EXCHANGES capillary alveolus co2 Co2 diffuses into alveolus. o2 O2 diffuses into blood. capillaries Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. • Oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried by the blood to and from the alveoli. • oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillary • oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells • carbon dioxide difuses from capillary into alveoli

10. midbrain pons medulla oblongata spinal chord Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. • Breathing is regulated by the brain stem.

11. Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange. • Lung diseases reduce airflow and oxygen absorption. • Emphysema destroys alveoli. • Asthma constricts airways. • Cystic fibrosis produces sticky mucus.

12. Smoking is the leading cause of lung diseases.

13. KEY CONCEPT The heart is a muscular pump that moves the blood through two pathways.

14. NORMAL HUMAN HEART The tissues and structures of the heart make it an efficient pump. • Cardiac muscle tissue works continuously without tiring.

15. pulmonary valve aortic valve left atrium right atrium mitral valve left ventricle tricuspid right ventricle septum • Valves in each chamber prevent backflow of blood. • The heart has four chambers: two atria, two ventricles. • Muscles squeeze the chambers in a powerful pumping action.

16. SA node VA node • The heartbeat consists of two contractions. • SA node, or pacemaker, stimulates atria to contract • AV node stimulates ventricles to contract

17. 1 3 2 4 • Blood flows through the heart in a specific pathway.

18. oxygen-poor blood enters right atrium, then right ventricle • Blood flows through the heart in a specific pathway. • right ventricle pumps blood to lungs • oxygen-rich blood from lungs enters left atrium, then left ventricle • left ventricle pumps blood to body

19. The heart pumps blood through two main pathways (pulmonary & systemic). • Pulmonary circulation occurs between the heart and the lungs. • oxygen-poor blood enters lungs • excess carbon dioxide and waterexpelled • blood picks up oxygen • oxygen-rich blood returns to heart

20. Systemic circulation occurs between the heart and the rest of the body. • oxygen-rich blood goes to organs, extremities • oxygen-poor blood returns to heart • The two pathways help maintain a stable body temperature.

21. KEY CONCEPT The circulatory system transports materials throughout the body.

22. endothelium smooth muscle valve connective tissue ARTERY VEIN CAPILLARIES arteriole venule Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport blood to all parts of the body. • Arteries carry blood away from the heart. • blood under great pressure • Arteries have thicker, more muscular walls

23. endothelium smooth muscle valve connective tissue ARTERY VEIN CAPILLARIES arteriole venule • blood under less pressure • Veins have thinner walls, larger diameter • valves prevent backflow • Veins carry blood back to the heart.

24. endothelium smooth muscle valve connective tissue ARTERY VEIN CAPILLARIES arteriole venule • Capillaries are very small vessels that move blood between veins, arteries, and cells.

25. Blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood pushing against artery walls. • systolic pressure: left ventricle contracts • diastolic pressure: left ventricle relaxes • High blood pressure can precede a heart attack or stroke.

26. Lifestyle plays a key role in circulatory diseases. • Some choices lead to an increased risk of circulatory diseases. • smoking • long-term stress • excessive weight • lack of exercise • diet low in fruitsand vegetables,high in saturatedfats

27. Circulatory diseases affect mainly the heart and the arteries. • artery walls become thick and inflexible • plaque blocks blood flow in arteries

28. KEY CONCEPT Blood is a complex tissue that transports materials.

29. plasma red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Blood is composed mainly of cells, cell fragments, and plasma. • Whole blood is made up of different materials. • plasma • red blood cells • white blood cells • platelets

30. molecules diffuse into and out of plasma • contains proteins that stabilize blood volume • contains clotting factors • contains immune proteins • Plasma is a key factor in maintaining homeostasis.

31. red blood cell platelet white blood cell Platelets and different types of blood cells have different functions. • The bone marrow manufactures most of the blood components.

32. transport oxygen to cells and carry away carbon dioxide • have no nuclei and contain hemoglobin • Red blood cells make up 40-45 % of all blood cells.

33. red blood cell platelet white blood cell • White blood cells fight pathogens and destroy foreign matter.

34. Protein markers define blood types and Rh factors. • ABO blood group the most common • Rh factor can be negative or positive • blood types must be compatible for transfusions

35. platelets fibrin white blood cell red blood cell • Platelets help form clots that control bleeding.