Climate Change Adaptation Challenges: Maintaining Ecosystem Services in Shoreline Management

1. Climate Change Adaptation Challenges: Maintaining Ecosystem Services in Shoreline Management

2. If we don’t mitigate, we can’t adapt

3. Shoreline and Shore Zone • Shoreline: the line that separates the water from the land • Shore zone: the region closely adjoining the shoreline in which strong and direct interactions tightly link the terrestrial ecosystem to the aquatic ecosystem, and vice versa Dave Strayer. 2008. Ecology of freshwater shore zones, unpublished.

4. Ecosystem Services • The benefits provided to humans by naturally functioning ecosystems • Nature’s contributions to human well-being See February 2009 issue of Ecological Society of America’s Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment

5. General Ecosystem Services of Shorelines • Provide vital habitat • Dissipate energy • Process nutrients and regulate other vital processes • Serve as dispersal corridors • Support high biodiversity and produce plants and animals Dave Strayer. 2008. Ecology of freshwater shore zones, unpublished.

6. Human Effects on Ecological Functioning of Shore Zones • Compress & stabilize shore zone • Change hydrologic regimes • Shorten & simplify, harden, and tidy shorelines • Increase inputs of physical energy that impinge on shorelines • Intensively develop shore zones • Introduce invasive species…

7. Effects on Adjacent Habitats

8. Geographic Scope • Tappan Zee Bridge to Troy Dam

9. What’s at Stake? 7,000+ acres of tidal wetlands 6,000 acres of vegetated shallows 300+ miles of shoreline

10. Wind Waves & wakes Tidal action Ice Human disturbance Accelerated sea level rise Increased storm intensity due to climate change? Increased storm surge Increased flooding A New Era: Climate Change Is Increasing Erosive Forces

11. How will we manage shorelines & erosion in the future? • Harden to reduce erosion? • Construct dikes? • Use “soft” engineering approaches? • Allow shorelines to migrate landward?

12. Hudson River Shoreline Classification and Inventory

13. Hudson River Tidal Shorelines • Over 300 miles: • Natural 47% • Hard engineered 41% • Remnant engineered 12%

14. Shoreline GIS

15. Goals of Shoreline Initiative • Determine tradeoffs in “ecosystem services” • Determine costs of different erosion control approaches in the context of 50 to 100-year sea level rise • Transfer new knowledge and tools to relevant stakeholders

16. Key Challenges 1. Develop sufficient scientific knowledge to back up our hypotheses of how and when services are delivered 2. Develop practical ways to bring these ideas into business practices and government policies. Susan Ruffo, Peter M Kareiva (2009). Using science to assign value to nature. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 3-3

17. Goal 1:Tradeoffs in ecosystem services are better understood • Research conducted by Cary IES and Hudson River NERR scientists • Evaluated and compared ecological functions of 3 natural and 3 engineered shoreline types • Examined fish and invertebrate production, as well as other ecosystem services Funded by Hudson River Foundation, NYS DEC & NOAA/CICEET

18. Developing scientific info about ecological services of Hudson River tidal shorelines • Initial phase: 6 shoreline types: 3 natural, 3 engineered • Examined fish and invertebrate production, as well as other ecosystem services

19. Preliminary Results: Fish • More fish on sandy, vegetated beaches (forage fish) • Highest diversity on the most structurally complex shoreline types. • Lowest fish abundance & diversity are on vertical shoreline types (vertical sheet pile and seawalls)

20. Goal 2:Short and long-term costs of shoreline options are known • Develop regional projections of flooding and storm surge • Project performance of selected shore protection measures • Identify plausible scenarios to assess likely human responses that may impact costs • Calculate costs of erosion control methods most likely to be used and/or effective

21. Identify alternativesto retain or enhance ecosystem servicesChesapeake Bay – Living Shoreline Treatments(http://www.vims.edu/features/research/living-shorelines.php

22. Short and Long-term Cost Calculations • Forecast erosion control performance in context of sea level rise scenarios • Consider broad array of costs: • Capital and operating costs • Impacts on adjacent upland properties • Impacts on public uses • Impacts on ecosystem services $$$

23. Goal 3: New knowledge and tools are transferred to the right people • Identify key stakeholders and their barriers & bridges • Identify key decisions & points of entry • Develop and implement a communications and outreach plan

24. Stakeholders and Shoreline Decision-Makers • Property owners • Experts and consultants • Government regulators • Policy and law makers

25. Challenges • Technical challenges in ecosystem studies, economic analyses, and outreach • Complex array of incentives, disincentives, policies and other factors guide erosion control decisions • Diverse stakeholders • Decision-makers often focus on minimizing short-term costs • Climate change unknowns

26. Link to Climate Change Adaptation Initiatives • NYS Sea Level Rise Task Force • Rising Waters • Hudson Valley Climate Change Network • NYS Ocean & Great Lakes Initiative • NOAA initiatives • Others, TBD

27. Betsy Blair Manager, Hudson River NERR Manager, Hudson River Habitat Protection Program NYS Department of Environmental Conservation (845) 889-4745 x113 bablair@gw.dec.state.ny.us