Reconstruction

1. Reconstruction Chapter 9

2. Georgia after the War Atlanta Depot after Sherman’s departure • Most houses, farms and businesses had been destroyed • Businesses and banks were not functioning • Lack of food; Starvation • Confederate money was worthless • $20 million in war debt • Many adult males died or were injured and required care

3. The Freedmen’s Bureau • Freedman: former slave • Homeless, uneducated, and “broken” • Suffered from discrimination and fear • Freedmen’s Bureau: helped both blacks and whites recover and get back on their feet • 1st Commissioner: Oliver O. Howard (Union Gen.) • Founded Howard University • i.e.. clothing, food, shelter… • Helped Freedmen with voting (ballots), land and education

4. Political Reconstruction Lincoln’s Plan • All southerners, except for high-ranking Confederate civil and military leaders, would be pardoned after taking an “oath of allegiance”. • 10% of the voters had to agree to rejoin the Union before permission was granted • Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre (April 14, 1865) • “Our American Cousin” • Andrew Johnson (VP) becomes President Ford’s Theatre in Wash. DC

5. Political Reconstruction II Johnson’s Plan • Johnson expanded the group of Southerners who were NOT pardoned by the Union • People who owned property of more than $20,000, had to apply directly to the President • Plantation Owners • Johnson also required Southern states to write new constitutions that abolished slavery Andrew Johnson Plantation in Washington, GA

6. Radical Republicans • Radical Republican: Northern Republican Senators who wanted to punish the South for slavery and secession. • Called for stronger requirements to rejoin the Union • Felt that blacks would become disenfranchised (Voting rights taken away) • Due to this pressure, Johnson added 3 more requirements: • States had to repeal secession ordinances • States had to void all war debt • States had to ratify 13th Amendment: abolished slavery Freedman’s Official trying to keep the southern peace

7. PHASE I Governor’s Mansion in Milledgeville Celebration of Emancipation Georgia’s Constitutional Convention of 1865 James Johnson: GA’s Provisional Governor • Repealed ordinance of secession • Voted to outlaw slavery • Wrote a new constitution • Ratified the 13th Amendment • Elected a governor (Charles Jenkins), Senators, and House Reps. • ALL requirements for reconstruction had been met!

8. Georgia Discrimination Even though Georgia voted to give civil rights to freed blacks, they were greatly limited. • Black Codes: designed to restrict the rights of freedmen. • Regulated employment • Permitted whipping as punishment • Allowed imprisonment of unemployed blacks • Restricted jury participation • Rejected voting rights

9. PHASE II General John Pope Reconstruction Military Districts Because of Georgia’s use of the Black Codes, they were not allowed statehood until a new set of requirements were met! • 14th Amendment: Forbids any state from making laws that would limit the rights and privileges of ANY citizen. • Georgia refused to ratify • Military rule enacted in 1867 • Southern States divided into 5 Military Districts • Georgia, Alabama, Florida: 3rd Military District • General John Pope

10. Scalawags and Carpetbaggers • Scalawags: southerners who supported the Radical Republicans Reconstruction plans. • Carpetbaggers: northerners who had moved into the South to help carry out Congress’ Reconstruction Plan. • They came to earn money and take advantage of the situation at hand. Cartoonists rendering of a Carpetbagger

11. Black Georgian Delegates Delegates at the GA Constitutional Convention of 1867 • Tunis G. Campbell: native of New Jersey and a Freedmen’s Bureau agent. • Introduced laws that kept people who couldn’t pay their debts out of prison. • Henry Turner: born free in S.C. • 1st Black chaplain in US Army • Aaron Bradley: GA slave who escaped to NY…outspoken, quick tempered • Expelled from Convention • Elected to GA Senate (1868) Tunis G. Campbell Henry Turner

12. Ku Klux Klan (KKK) “Worse than slavery!” This is why the Rebel Flag has problems! • Secret racist organization that tried to keep blacks from using their civil rights • Began in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1865 • Ex-Confederate Soldiers who felt the war was still be fought.

13. Georgia Government • Capital moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta due to the fact that Milledgeville would not accommodate the black delegates (1868) • Rufus Bullock became governor (Native to New York) • Georgia had met all Phase II requirements to enter the Union Rufus Bullock Early Milledgeville

14. PHASE III • The Georgia General Assembly expelled 28 of 32 black legislatures. • Georgia Act: placed Georgia under military rule for the 3rd time. • 15th Amendment: rights of citizens to vote and hold political office cannot be denied… • Georgia had to ratify before applying for statehood.

15. Economic Reconstruction • Economic Civil War Fallout • Banks failed • Confederate money worthless • 2/3 railroads unusable • War debt • Former Slaves without jobs, homes, food… • Farmers without workers • Reconstruction Promise to obtain votes: “40 acres and a mule…” to all freedmen who voted.

16. Using and repairing the land • Sharecropping: land owner provides land, shelter, tools, animals, seed, fertilizer…workers agreed to give land owners a share of the harvest. • Most ended in debt • Tenant Farming: similar to sharecropping…the difference being that the tenants owned agricultural equipment and farm animals…bought their own seed and fertilizer. • Profitable • Both allowed farmers (land owners) to keep their farms in operation without spending money. • 1870-Georgia began to exceed pre-war cotton production • The Coastal Region was not as lucky

17. Reconstruction Gains • With Northern financial help, textile mills, banks, railroads and businesses started to make its way out of the rubble. • Savannah and Brunswick were again becoming the leading export ports in the South.

18. History of Atlanta “Zero” Milepost Early Marietta grew due to railroads • Founded in 1837, by railroad engineer Stephen Long • 1st called Terminus…as a route for Georgia State Railroad (Ended here!) • Marthasville…in honor of Governor Lumpkin’s Daughter • Atlanta…due to the freight markings of ATL “Atlantic” as a destination… • Before the war, Atlanta was Georgia’s 4th largest city and grew steadily through the war. • After a proud rebuilding period, Atlanta became the capital in 1868.

19. Social and Cultural Reconstruction RELIGION • Church membership grew rapidly…especially as houses of worship were rebuilt • Episcopalians reunited with their churches in the North • Baptists did not reunite and remain a “Southern” religious organization • Black churches grew in number and influence Woodstock Baptist Church

20. Social and Cultural Reconstruction Education • Improved with northern money and missionary help • 1870-the General Assembly passed an Act to “…establish a system of public education…” • Divided state into local school districts • Provided state school commissioner • Provided state board of education • 1869-Georgia Education Association formed • Gustavus J. Orr-Father of Georgia Public Education (1st Chairman) • 4 Month school year due to need for agricultural help on farms

21. Segregation in Education • 1870: separate but equal schools for blacks and whites • 1872: “Equal as far as practicable.”

22. Social and Cultural Reconstruction Literature • “Little Women” by Louisa Mae Alcott • The trials of a New England family during the Civil War • “A side show of the Southern Side of the War” by Bill Arp (Pen name for Charles Henry Smith) • Humor to describe woes of defeated South • “Southern Cultivator” • Georgia magazine for farming • “The Atlantic Monthly” • National Magazine • “The Saturday Press” • Published in New York…brought fame to Mark Twain • 1868: Atlanta Constitution…”Voice of the South” • Newspaper

23. Credits • Page 2: http://www.ngeorgia.com/history/reconstruction.html • Page 4: http://www.nps.gov/foth/index2.htm • Page 4: http://www.celebritymorgue.com/abraham-lincoln/ • Page 5: http://www.americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=17 • Page 5: http://www.washingtonplantation.com/ • Page 6: http://lsm.crt.state.la.us/cabildo/cab11.htm • Page 7: http://www.gcsu.edu/acad_affairs/ce_ps/mansion/visit.htm • Page 7: http://www.sonofthesouth.net/slavery_pictures.htm • Page 9: http://www.civilwarhome.com/popebio.htm • Page 9: http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ushist/timeline/recnstrc.htm • Page 10: http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/score_lessons/reconstruction_of_the_south/pages/resources.html • Page 11: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAturnerHM.htm • Page 11: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?path=/Religion/HistoricalFigures&id=h-2903 • Page 12: http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/1010.html • Page 12: http://www.indexstock.com/store/Chubby.asp?ImageNumber=423144 • Page 13: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Multimedia.jsp?id=m-4810 • Page 13: http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ga/county/baldwin/home.html • Page 14: http://www.washburn.k12.il.us/school%20jr%20high/department%20social%20studies/aeschliman/civilwar.html • Page 15: http://www.imh.org/imh/bw/mule.html • Page 16: http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/brown/photos.htm • Page 17: http://www.brunswickga.org/ • Page 18: http://roadsidegeorgia.com/city/marietta.html • Page 18: http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/atlanta/wes.htm • Page 19: http://www.fbcw.org/info/default2.html • Page 21: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/sepbutequal.htm