Revolution in the Américas.

1. Revolution in the Américas. p. 155

2. Why Latin America • Spain owned most of the lands in the Americas. • Spanish culture was elitist, not democratic. • When Napoleon took over Spain, the colonies in Latin America had a chance to run themselves. • When Spain returned to control them after Napoleon’s fall, Latin American colonials (Latinos) resisted and gained independence. • Few Latino elites wanted democracy, however, and Latino lower classes would suffer as a result.

3. Peninsulares: • colonists originally from Spain, living in the colonies. • Able to hold the highest government and social positions and held the most power in Spanish colonial society. • Owned most of the land (Church took some lands) haciendas— • ranches/plantations; • mines, • other businesses • professions.

4. Creole: • second generation Spaniard, son/daughter of a Peninsular family. • Able to hold high government and social positions • not the full equal to a Peninsular.

5. Mestizo: • mixed-birth, lower-class people. • Part Indian, part European (used by Spanish and Portuguese, mostly)

6. Mulatto: • mixed-birth, lower-class people. • Part African, part European (used by Spanish, Portuguese, English, French mostly)

7. François-Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture: • Free African leader of the successful Saint-Domingue revolution. • Self-trained military leader who defeated French Revolutionary and Napoleon’s troops. • His forces achieved the following: • Abolition of slavery • Most of the island was under its control. Napoleon Bonaparte’s troops captured L’Ouverture. • He died in jail, in France, but the rebels continued to resist.

8. Father Miguel Hidalgo: • Creole priest and leader of the Mexican Revolution. • On September 15, 1810, he called for Mexican freedom from Spain. • His cheer is called “El Grito de Dolores”

9. EC: Coat of Arms of Modern Mexico • EC: What is the story behind this symbol? • Mexican gods told the Aztecs where they saw an eagle, snake, and nopal, that is where they would build Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City). • It is centered on the Mexican Flag.

10. EC: Why Hidalgo’s Revolt Failed. • Unfortunately, his popularity was only with the poor. • Hidalgo planned land reforms and other social changes to benefit Mexico’s lower classes. • Wealthy Mexicans feared their land would be taken. • Though they wanted freedom from Spain, they did not want what Hidalgo and his rebels were fighting for. • Hidalgo was captured by Spanish troops and executed. • The revolution went on….. • Diego Rivera’s image of the martyr Hidalgo, in a massive mural of Mexican history……

11. Father Jose Morelos: • He continued leading the Mexican revolution after Hidalgo. • He was a mestizo. • He was also captured and executed by Spanish forces supported by rich Mexicans.

12. EC: Why Mexico’s upper class finally wanted independence from Spain. • Spain was taken over by liberals. • Spanish liberals wanted to give land to Mexican lower classes. • Wealthy Mexicans, led by Augustin Iturbide, take control of Mexico • to protect their current social system of land ownership. • They succeeded in 1821.

13. Mexico’s success encouraged people in Central America. • They rebel and create the United Provinces of Central America in the early 1820s. • The new government fails. • EC: Five new republics emerge: • El Salvador • Guatemala • Costa Rica • Honduras • Nicaragua

14. Simon Bolivar: • Creole, inspired by enlightenment ideas and ideals of the American and French revolutions. • “liberty, equality, fraternity” are his goals for Latinos • His fellow Creoles, only want that for themselves, however, not the peasants they own. • He led a successful revolt to create Venezuela in 1810. • Creoles attacked his liberal reforms, exiling him twice. • In 1821, he succeeded in defeating the Spanish in all of New Granada. • He is called “El Liberador” by people there. • In the US called him the “George Washington of Latin America”

15. Jose de San Martin: • leader of rebel forces in southern Peru and La Plata. • Joined forces with Bolivar. • EC: Independence there would create the new nations of: (4) • Argentina: • Chile: • Paraguay: • Uruguay:

16. Dom Pedro: • Portuguese Prince. • When his father was overthrown in Portugal, he made Brazil independent, and became its first emperor. • He allowed a constitutional monarchy, • with a legislature, • freedom of the press, • freedom of religion. • The monarchy would last until 1889 when Brazil becomes a republic.

17. End Hwk • Begin classwork

18. African slaves fight for freedom. • The Africans on the French colony of Saint-Domingue watched the French Revolution with hope. • The thought they’d be freed • They were not. • They rebelled. • EC In the process, Saint-Domingue changed its name to • Haiti.

19. Standards Check, p. 156 • Where did creoles get many of their revolutionary ideas? • Creoles got their revolutionary ideas from: • Books by Enlightenment thinkers. • Observing the American and French Revolutions.

20. Standards Check, p. 156 • How were slaves instrumental in achieving Haiti’s independance • The Armies of slaves who revolted against their owners in 1791 formed the army that then fought for Haiti’s independence from France.

21. Image, p. 157 • Why do you think Toussaint and his army were willing to risk death to achieve their goals? • The preferred death to a return to slavery.

22. Standards Check, p. 158 • How did events in Spain affect the fight for Mexican independence? • When Spanish liberals forced the king to issue a constitution, Iturbide fought for independence to avoid liberal reform.

23. p. 159, Thinking Critically • 1. Why did so many Latin American nations gain independence by 1830? • Strong leaders galvanized revolts • 2. What influenced the leaders of Latin American independence? • Enlightenment ideals and the French and American revolutions.

24. Standards Check, p. 160: • How were the goals of the South American revolutions different from their results? • The revolution won independence, but failed to unite the lands or win social or democratic reforms.

25. EC: Why Disappointed? • A disappointed Bolivar wrote, • “We have achieved our independence at the expense of everything else.” • Why was Bolivar disappointed? • New Américan governments did not serve or protect all their citizens, • Most preserved upper class ownership of the land and the servitude of many of the people.

26. Thinking Critically, p. 161: • 1. How did Bolivar feel the people of Latin America were prepared for new government? • He thought they were very poorly prepared for new government by their experience with corrupt, tyrannical colonial government • 2. Do you think Bolivar was practical or idealistic? • Practical: • Latinos could have made a successful effort at democratic government. They had to be open to various opinions….. • Idealistic: • Latino creoles would not surrender the power they took from Spain. Democracy was not natural to them.

27. Quick Write • Were the revolutions in Latin America successful in obtaining their goals? Why or Why not?