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Commercial Biological Control

Commercial Biological Control. Norman C. Leppla UF, IFAS, IPM Florida. Of all known insects only. <1/10 of 1% are serious pests. Development of Commercial Biological Control. Vedalia Beetle. Cottony Cushion Scale. Milestones in Commercialization of Biological Control.

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Commercial Biological Control

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  1. Commercial Biological Control Norman C. Leppla UF, IFAS, IPM Florida

  2. Of all known insects only <1/10 of 1% are serious pests

  3. Development of Commercial Biological Control Vedalia Beetle Cottony Cushion Scale

  4. Milestones in Commercialization of Biological Control 1888- Vedalia beetle, cottony cushion scale 1895- Farming Trichogramma proposed 1900- 1st BC course at Mass. Agric. College 1926- Fillmore, mass prod. NE citrus pests 1926- CIBC (IIBC) established in UK 1929- Trichogramma on factitious host 1931- Steinernema glaseri used for JB control 1947- UC Berkeley BC curriculum established

  5. Milestones in Commercialization of Biological Control 1949- Chrysoperla colonization 1956- Predaceous mites, mites on strawberry 1956- IOBC established 1958- Entomophaga, (BioControl 1998) 1964- W-84 BC regional project (SDC-319) 1968- Koppert established 1975- Trichogramma, European corn borer 1981- IOBC WGQC (AMRQC)

  6. Milestones in Commercialization of Biological Control 1981- In-vitro production of nematodes1988- Whitefly parasites, Europe glasshouses 1991- Biocontrol Science and Technology 1991- NBCI established in Washington, DC 1990- ANBP established in California 1995- Commercial artificial diet for predators 1995- IBMA established in France

  7. Milestones in Commercialization of Biological Control 2001- 1st Int. Conference of ANBP and IBMA 2002- International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods

  8. IOBC To facilitate and advance cost-effective rearing of high-quality insects and other arthropods in support of biological control and integrated pest management

  9. Milestones in Commercialization of Biological Control 2007- 1st Int. Conf. of AMRQC, ANBP & IBMA Classical and new tools and methods for QC Measurement and prediction of QC parameters Influence of mass rearing on searching behaviour and efficacy of natural enemies Genetics and rearing (strain development, taxonomy, etc.) Production of sterile insects including haematophagous insects Rearing entomophagous arthropods on artificial diets and factitious foods Rearing of phytophagous arthropods QC parameters in relation with regulation of invertebrate biocontrol agents

  10. Major Commercial Natural Enemies DPI DPI

  11. California Environmental Protection Agency Department of Pesticide Regulation 142 suppliers, 130 species (1997)

  12. Multi-cellular Invertebrate Natural Enemies NEMATODES Heterorhabditidae- Heterorhabditis (3 spp) Steinernematidae- Steinernema (3 spp) ARACHNIDS Laelapidae- Hypoaspis miles Phytoseiidae (18 spp) - Amblyseius, Galendromus, Iphiseius, Mesoseiulus, Neoseiulus, Phytoseiulus Pyemotidae- Pyemotes tritici INSECTS Mantidae- Tenodera aridifolia Thripidae- Scolothrips sexmaculatus

  13. Multi-cellular Invertebrate Natural Enemies Heteroptera Anthocoridae- Orius (3 spp), Xylocoris Miridae- Deraeocoris, Macolophus Pentatomidae- Podisus Neuroptera Chrysopidae- Chrysoperla (5 spp) Coleoptera Coccinellidae (9 spp) - Adalia, Chilocorus, Coccinella, Cryptolaemus, Delphastus, Hippodamia, Lindorus, Rhyzobius Diptera Cecidomyiidae- Aphidoletes aphidimyza

  14. Multi-cellular Invertebrate Natural Enemies INSECTS Hymenoptera Aphelinidae (6 spp)- Aphelinus, Aphytis, Encarsia, Eretmocerus Bethylidae- Goniozus Braconidae (15 spp)- Aphidius, Bracon, Cotesia, Dacnusa, Diachasmimorpha, Diaeretiella, Glyptapanteles, Lysiphlebus, Macrocentrus, Meteorus Encyritidae (3 spp)- Leptomastix, Microterys, Metaphycus Eulophidae- Aceratoneuromyia, Diglyphus, Pediobius, Thripobius Ichneumonidae- Diadegma Mymaridae- Anagrus, Anaphes (2 spp)

  15. Multi-cellular Invertebrate Natural Enemies INSECTS Hymenoptera Pteromalidae (8 spp)- Anisopteromalus, Muscidifurax, Nasonia, Spalangia Trichogrammatidae- Trichogramma (6 spp)

  16. Break!

  17. Purposes for Rearing Insects

  18. Types of Insect Rearing Systems Blister Beetles Medflies

  19. Parasite and Predator Rearing

  20. Maintaining the Quality of Colonized Insects • Collection of appropriate biotypes • Colonization and strain development • Rearing proficiency • Colony management • Behavior-genetic selection • Strain replacement

  21. Quality Control Criteria • Quantity- number of pupae & adults • Size- weight of pupae • Fecundity- oviposition & egg hatch • Rate of Development- synchronization • Adult Behavior- flight & longevity • Field Performance- achieve purpose

  22. Determining Standard Deviation Number (n) = measurement Mean (X) = sum n’s/number n’s Variance (V) = sum of squares (X-X)2 Standard Deviation (S) = square root of V

  23. Global QC Programs • Individual CompaniesCustomers • International StandardsISO 9000 ASTM (Amer. Soc. for Testing & Materials)IOBC Guidelines (European Community) • The MarketplaceQuality Products

  24. Insect Rearing and Quality Control References • Rearing of Insects (Encyclopedia of Insects, 2002) • The Basics of Insect Rearing (Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2004) • Guidelines for quality control of commercially produced natural enemies (Quality Control and Production of Biological Control Agents, Theory and Testing Procedures, 2003). • The Foundation of Quality Control for Insect Rearing (Principles and Procedures for Rearing Quality Insects, Mississippi State University, 2006)

  25. Challenges for the Commercial Biological Control Industry • Expertise • New Markets & Products • Science and Technology Improved rearing and release methods Field tests to determine efficacy Compatibility with pesticides Taxonomic support Quality control • Regulations

  26. World Markets for Natural Enemies vs. Pesticides Microbials $158,000,000Arthropods 40,000,000Total $198,000,000Pesticides ~$30,000,000,000

  27. Public Domain Patented GovernmentInstitution Entrepreneur/Company Entrepreneur/Company Market Analysis Feasibility Study Market Analysis Financing Appropriation Financing License forCommercial Product Product Development Product Development Product Development Client Group Customers Customers Technology Transfer for Publicly-Funded Biological Control Products

  28. Requirements for Commercialization 1. Research teams vs. solo 2. Financial support for R&D 3. Practical technology 4. Effective against pest 5. High benefit/cost 6. Safe for the environment

  29. New Product Development

  30. Feltiella acarisuga Diptera: Cecidomyiidae (Therodiplosis persicae in Europe)

  31. Biological Control of Thrips & Whiteflies • Western Flower Thrips (F. occidentalis) • Amblyseius cucumeris (1980s) • Orius spp. (1990s) • Iphiseius degenerans (1990s) • Whiteflies (T. vaporariorum, B. tabaci ) • Encarsia formosa (1970s) • Eremocerus eremicus (1990s) • Macrolophus caliginosus (1990s) • Eretmocerus mundus (2000s)

  32. Challenges Sweet Peppers • Western flower thrips • ~ Establish. A. cucumeris • High rates of O. laevigatus • Sweetpotato whitefly • Eretmocerus mundus • No optimal predator

  33. Amblyseius swirskii

  34. Western Flower Thrips Control in Cucumbers Mite Species

  35. Establishment on Sweet Pepper Pollen Adults Nymphs Eggs 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 Mean Number/Leaf 2,0 1,0 0,0 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Week

  36. Sweet Pepper: Thrips & Whiteflies (Spain) • Experimental tunnel with isolated walk-in cages • 20 sweet pepper plants per cage • 3 replicates, CRBD • 3 treatments - Untreated Control - 25 A. swirskii / m2 - 100 A. swirskii / m2

  37. 4 Thrips/pl 2 B. tabaci/pl 4 Thrips/pl 2 B. tabaci/pl 4 Thrips/pl 4 B. tabaci/pl Trial Plan Day 1 0 - 6 8 A. swirskii 25 T.s./m2 100 T.s./m2

  38. Thrips Population

  39. Bemesia tabaci Control on Hibiscus

  40. Conclusions- Amblyseius swirskii • Very high numerical responseto availability of food • Highly efficacious against western flower thrips, greenhouse whiteflies and tobacco whiteflies • In combination with: • Orius spp. against western flower thrips • Whitefly parasites against whiteflies • P. persimilis or A. californicus against two-spotted spider mites • Good establishment on pollen • Whiteflies can substitute for pollen in peppers • Good results in North and South Europe • May replace A. cucumeris, depending on release permits

  41. http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu Information on Commercial Biological Control

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