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The Makah Tribe has the Right to Hunt Gray Whales

The Makah Tribe has the Right to Hunt Gray Whales . Presented by: Shannon Torstrom Rhia Pulizzi Janette Rounds. animals.nationalgeographic.com. Thesis. The Makah Tribe should be allowed to sustainably hunt gray whales for subsistence purposes due to: Traditions Legal right

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The Makah Tribe has the Right to Hunt Gray Whales

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  1. The Makah Tribe has the Right to Hunt Gray Whales Presented by: Shannon Torstrom RhiaPulizzi Janette Rounds animals.nationalgeographic.com

  2. Thesis • The Makah Tribe should be allowed to sustainably hunt gray whales for subsistence purposes due to: • Traditions • Legal right • Humane methods • Population stability

  3. Traditions coastguarddigest.com • Indigenous values • Rituals and ceremonies • Created culture around whaling • Ozette 1970’s (Makah.com) • Songs • Dances • Designs • Basketry

  4. Traditions robertlindsay.wordpress.com • Identity of pride • Cultural pride • “Old ways” • Cultural oppression • Language • Traditions • Culture

  5. Traditions healthlets.com • Culture and youth • Future generations • Alcoholism • Drug use

  6. Traditions Elder et al. stated: Among adolescents in the general population, protective factors include stable and supportive relationships with parents and prosocial adults, self-efficacy in social relations, bonding to conventional society, community resources, cultural involvement, participation in organized group activities, and involvement in religious activities.

  7. Legal Rights • Treaty of Neah Bay (1855) • Article 4 states the tribes rights to whale (Tomlinson 2003) • US Government should uphold the treaty by allowing the Makah to whale http://www.historylink.org/db_images/makah_canoes.jpg

  8. Legal Rights • International Whaling Commission • Makah meet the guidelines for the Aboriginal Subsistence Exemption (Henderson 2005) • Makah tribe obtained a waiver to hunt 4 gray whales per year in 1998 (Henderson 2005) • IWC also granted 165 gray whales per year to Chukotka tribes in Russia (Henderson 2005)

  9. Legal Rights • 2000 – Metcalf v. Daley (Roghair 2005) • Considered untimely • New Environmental Assessment (EA) still had a FONSI (finding of no significant impact) • 2004 - Anderson v. Evans (Roghair 2005) • Ruled: needed to complete an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and needed a permit from Marine Mammal Protection Act • MMPA is unclear about Native American Treaty rights & permits

  10. Legal Rights nwtemc.org • 2005- applied for a waiver under MMPA • Still waiting because the EIS is not finalized • 2008 A DEIS was released for public review

  11. Legal Rights • Makah have strong support • US Government • National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration • National Marine Fisheries Service • International Whaling Commission • Problem: US citizens are not understanding the cultural importance of whaling

  12. Population Stability http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/gray_whale_distribution_map.jpg

  13. Population Stability • Eastern north Pacific population • Approximately 19,000 whales (Punt and Wade 2010) • 88 % likelihood that the population is at the “optimum sustainable population size” (Punt and Wade 2010) • Slow population growth • 5-11 years old at maturity (American Cetacean Society 2006) • Females bear only 1 calf every 2 years (American Cetacean Society 2006)

  14. Population Status • The IUCN Red List lists the Gray Whale as a species of Least Concern (IUCN 2011) • Greatest threats to Gray Whales • Oil and gas exploration(IUCN-SCC Cetacean Specialist Group 2007) • Collisions with watercraft (IUCN-SCC Cetacean Specialist Group 2007) • The Eastern North Pacific population is no longer listed as an Endangered Species

  15. Population Stability Overall Population of Gray Whales should continue to be monitored. Removing 4 non-breeding whales per year should have little to no impact on the population. Commercial whaling could be disastrous to population oregonwhales.jpg

  16. Humane Hunting Methods whale_hunt_historical.jpg makah.com • Traditional whale hunting • Harpoons • Special lance for kill • Slower kill • New Makah whaling methods • Harpoon gun • Rifle rather than killing lance • New methods kill faster

  17. Conclusions • Traditions • Opportunity to reclaim pride • Loss of culture • People will have disconnect • Legal Right • Treaty of Neah Bay • IWC Qualification for Aboriginal Subsistence Exemption • Population Stability • IUCN Least Concern Status/ Delisted • Optimum Sustainable Population Size • Humane Hunting Methods

  18. Refrences American Cetacean Society. 2006. .American cetacean society fact sheet gray whale. Retrieved from http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/graywhl.htm Barrett, M. E., Simpson, D. D., & Lehman, W. E. (1988). Behavioral changes of adolescents in drug abuse intervention programs. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 461–473. Elder, C., Leaver-Dunn, D., Wang, M. Q., Nagy, S., & Green, L. (2000). Organized group activity as a protective factor against adolescent substance use. American Journal of Health Behavior, 24, 108–113. Hawkins, E.H., L.H. Cummins, G.A. Marlatt. 2004. Preventing substance abuse in American Indian and Alaska Native youth: Promising strategies for healthier communities. Psychological Bulletin 130: 304-323. Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64–105. Newcomb, M. D., & Felix-Ortiz, M. (1992). Multiple protective and risk factors for drug use and abuse: Cross-sectional and prospective findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 280–296. Tyler, J., & Lichtenstein, C. (1997). Risk, protective, AOD knowledge, attitude, and AOD behavior. Factors associated with characteristics of high-risk youth. Evaluation and Program Planning, 20, 27–45. Calambokidis, J., Laake, J., and Klimek, A. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center. 2010. .Abundance and population structure of seasonal gray whales in the pacific northwest, 1998-2008 (Paper SC/62BRG32). Retrieved from http://swfsc.noaa.gov/uploadedFiles/Divisions/PRD/Programs/Photogrammetry/SC-62-BRG32.pdf?n=2361 The International Whaling Commission. March 23 2011. Iwc information. Retrieved from http://iwcoffice.org/commission/iwcmain.htm IUCN-SCC Cetacean Specialist Group. 2007. Western gray whale conservation initiative. Retrieved from http://www.iucn-csg.org/index.php/western-gray-whale/ Klinowska, M. 1994. Brains, behaviour and intelligence in cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises). In G. Blichfeldt (Ed.),the High North publication "11 Essays on Whales and Man" (pp. 23-37). ReineiLofoten, Norway: High North Alliance. Makah Cultural and Research Center, Makah Tribe, and Washington State Historical Society (n.d.).Home of the makah people- our history. Retrieved from http://www.makah.com/history.html

  19. Tomlinson, Z. 2003. Abrogation or regulation? How Anderson v. Evans discards the makah’s treaty whaling right in the name of conservation necessity. Washington Law Review 78 (1101). Henderson, R. 2005. The future of whaling: should the international whaling commission create a broadened cultural exemption to the whaling moratorium for iceland?. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 33(655). Roghair, D. L. 2005. Anderson v. Evans: will makah whaling under the treaty of neah bay survive the ninth circuit’s application of the mmpa?. Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation 20. Marino, L. 1998. A comparison of encephalization between odontocete cetaceans and anthropoid primates. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 51(4), 230-238. Punt, A., and Wade, P. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. 2010. .Population status of the eastern north pacific stock of gray whales in 2009 (NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-207). Retrieved from http://swfsc.noaa.gov/uploadedFiles/Divisions/PRD/Programs/Photogrammetry/NOAA-TM-AFSC-207.pdf?n=6349 Roth, G., and Dicke, U. 2005. Evolution of the brain and intelligence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(5), 250-257. IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 01 November 2011.

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