World War I 1914-1920

1. World War I 1914-1920 • Part III: Over Here • Prior to reviewing this Power Point... • 1) Read pages 657-663 • 2) Answer the Part III guide questions: • View the Power Point, explore the related links, complete the “tasks” and take detailed notes on the content. Be prepared to discuss the content and ask questions designed to refine your understanding.

2. Over Here Objectives… Summarize the effect of World War I on the American home front. “unprecedented control of civilian life and the economy”

3. Over Here Objectives…Describe the effects of World War I on the American… -economy, -society, -government, -business -and the labor force.

4. The Economy • Production up 33% • No unemployment • Inflation, but wages up • No strikes

5. Organizing the Economy • Coordinated the purchase of war supplies &provided • oversight of production • Encouraged companies to eliminate waste & increase • efficiency • Set production quotas for industries producing war • supplies The War Industries Board… Leader of the WIB Bernard Baruch

6. The Food Administration… • Cut consumption & provided food for Europe • Entirely a voluntary program • Modified eating habits: “wheat-less Wednesdays”, “meat-less Mondays; encouraged home gardening • Hoover used posters & slogans • Very successful... • -Reduced consumption by 15% ...No rationing • -Shipments created a surplus that avoided post- war famine in Europe. Herbert Hoover “Go back to simple food, simple clothes, simple pleasure”

7. The Food Administration…

8. Cigarette consumption up 600% Moral Reforms… • The Prohibition Movement… • The 18th Amendment gains • momentum – Why? • Anti-Prostitution Laws Changes in social behaviors…

9. Raising the Money • WW I costs $33 billion • Money was raised two ways… -Increased taxes -Selling Liberty Bonds

10. The Business of War What was the war time trend towards a bureaucratic state and greater federal presence? • Rapid industrial expansion created the need for government oversight &increased bureaucracy • Corporations grew rapidly • Unprecedented cooperation between corporations & the government • War production improved the economy

11. Labor & the War Organized labors response to the war… • Total support/ Union membership increased • Workers made big gains: Higher wages & increased standard of living ...Review the National war Labor Board Governments response to labor… • The US government needed war supplies & the labor to produce these supplies • Government accept union demands: 8hr day; Time & a half ; Equal pay for women

12. The National War Labor Board • Samuel Gompers was the head of the American Federation of Labor (AF of L). • As a union leader before the war he promoted collective bargaining, shorter hours & better wages for the American worker. • Gompers & the AFL supported WW I • Gompers avoid strikes, boosted worker morale & raised wages. • Gompers arbitrated disputes between labor & management to ensure productivity for war production. - The NWLB was disbanded in 1919. The National War Labor Board Samuel Gompers

13. Over Here Objective…Describe how WW I reshaped the role of women in American society.

14. The U.S. Department of LaborWomen In Industry Service (WIS) • WW I created a labor shortage • The National War Labor Board (NWLB) decided to replace male workers with female ones. • The WIS was created to... • -Advises companies on how to use female labor. • -Attempts to improve working conditions for women… 8hr day, equal pay, rest periods, lunch breaks, providing restrooms. • In 1920, the WIS was replaced by the Women’s Bureau. The Women’s Bureau became advocates for the welfare of working women. Leader of the (WIS) Mary Van Kleeck

15. Women at Work What effect did the war production have on women workers… • More women entered the work force • Women moved from domestic work to industrial work • During WW I 25% of the work force was female

17. Women’s Suffrage What happened to jobs for women at the war’s end?...The message from those advocating for female workers quickly changed from “ serve” to “ go back to your traditional roles in society and leave the responsibility of work to the men.” • How did World War I advance the cause of women’s suffrage & the status of women? • …Women demonstrated their capabilities

19. Prohibition Describe how the war helped the passage of the 18th Amendment? • Beer is German ...German culture was unpopular in the WW I era • Preserve gain to save food ...Alcohol is not a good use of food sources • Sobriety will increase the productivity of the American worker • Eliminate social problems...i.e. domestic abuse & poverty • The desire for hire standards of morality in society * This relates back to Progressivism and the desire to improve American society.

20. Public Health How did wartime mobilization bring greater government involvement with public health issues? The public health issues raising a concern... • Sex hygiene (STDS) • Disease control • Child welfare ...The war is the priority & these things could interfere with fighting the war. *This relates back to Progressivism &the desire to use government to improve American society.

21. 1918 Flu Pandemic(Jan. 1918 – Dec. 1920) • A deadly influenza swept across the world. The 1918 Pandemic infected 500 million people & killed 50-100 million of them (3%-5% of the world's pop... DEAD!) It is considered the most deadly natural disaster in human history. The US government refused to slow down the war effort in order to manage the flu