Science GHSGT Review

1. Science GHSGT Review 2010

2. Cells and Heredity25%

3. Prokaryotes“Pro-No” • No true nucleus • No membrane-bound organelles • No well-organized membrane

4. Prokaryotes“Pro-No” • Prokaryotes = bacteria (Monera)

5. Eukaryotes“Eu-True” • True nucleus • Well organized membrane • Membrane – bound organelles

6. Eukaryotes“Eu-True” • Most plants and animals and other specialized organisms

7. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Reactants yields Products Photosynthesis 6H2O + 6CO2 + Sun energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Water = carbon dioxide +sunglucose and oxygen Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 glucose and oxygen Water = carbon dioxide +sun

8. Photosynthesis and Respiration ANIMAL CELLS • Have cell membranes, nucleus, and mitochondria • Respiration only PLANT CELLS • cell wall (provides structure) • Chloroplast-green! (location of photosynthesis/ energy production)

9. Cell Membrane and Homeostasis • utilizes active and passive transport • diffusion and osmosis depends on environment

10. Homeostasis • The maintenance of a constant, stable environment internally • example: body temperature of bears in winter due to excess lipids/fat

11. Macromolecules LIPID – Long term energy fats, oils, waxes Carbohydrate – quick energy Sugar & Starches Snickers bar

12. Macromolecules • Protein-Professional Football players-build muscle, amino acids • Nucleic Acids-DNA and RNA-hereditary material

13. DNA=Double Helix • deoxyribonucleic acid • found in chromosomes in the nucleus • determines the hereditary traits of an organism • Think Helix=heredity

14. RNA-Single and Runs • ribose nucleic acid • aids in protein synthesis in the ribosome • 3 types: • messenger RNA: mRNA carries the DNA nucleotide sequence for a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome • transfer RNA: tRNA transports amino acids (building blocks of proteins) to the ribosome • ribosomal RNA: rRNA builds or makes up the structure of the ribosome

15. DNA transcription • C goes with G • A goes with T • If you see Uracil “U” it is RNA

16. Mendel and Meiosis • Mendel is the Father of Genetics • Probability is the likelihood an event will occur • Geneticists use Punnett squares to predict the probability of genetic combinations

17. Example: When two heterozygous brown eyed guinea pigs mate . . . Hetero means different Bb, Big and little Homo means the same, BB or bb, BIG with BIG or little with little Phenotype means physical characteristics, Genotype is the genes or Letter combinations-just count how many out of 4!!!

18. Meiosis what makes “me”, me! • Chromosomes are the physical basis of inheritance (carry DNA). • Variability results from dominant and recessive alleles. • Gametes play a “game” and “meet”-sexual reproduction • The chromosomes in the male gamete and female gamete join together during fertilization to form a zygote. • gamete = sex cell • zygote = fertilized egg

19. DNA in Medicine and Technology • A mutation is any change in the DNA sequence. • A change in one nucleotide may cause a change in the structure of the protein. • During pregnancy, observing a karyotype (a chromosome picture) can detect chromosomal defects. • DNA changed in plants to make them bigger and stronger • DNA used in forensics to catch criminals

20. Ecology 17%

21. Levels of Biological organization • Organism-- Deer • Organ System– Nervous system • Organ-- brain • Tissue– nervous tissue • Cell– nerve cell • Molecule-- DNA

22. Biosphere

23. ECOSYSTEM ABIOTIC- NONLIVING BIOTIC- LIVING

24. SPECIES- type of dog POPULATION- All dogs in an area

25. Food Chain Follow the arrows a trophic level begins with producers goes to consumers, don’t forget the decomposers This one eats the one at the beginning of the arrow

27. Pyramids of Energy/Biomass Looses energy by 90% as you move up the pyramid each level. It only keeps around 10 %

28. Consumer Classifications • Herbivore= primary consumer who only eats plants; example: cow • Carnivore = secondary consumer who only eats other animals; examples: shark and tiger • Omnivore = consumer that eats both plants and animals; example: most humans • Scavengers = animals that find dead plants or animals and eat them; examples: flies, wasps, cockroaches, earthworms • Decomposers = break down dead organisms to receive energy; examples: fungi and bacteria

30. Structure and Properties of Matter26%

31. Periodic Table block Makes the element unique # of Protons Atomic Symbol 40 atomic mass (or weight) = # P + # N Valence electron Energy levels

32. Periodic Table “Hints” Families run up and down and are similar Ex. family 11, gold (Au) and silver (Ag) Most active metal, #1 Alkali, Most active non-metal #17, Halogens Period goes at the end of the sentence, thus a period goes across the periodic table Left side-metals, right nonmetals Atoms have subatomic particles Isotopesare “I so fat” Deals with Atomic mass or Atomic Weight ex. C-12 and C-14 Different numbers of neutrons P (+) + N(neutral) nucleus Electron E- cloud

33. Solute vs. Solvent in Solutions • SolUte –part that gets dissolved • SolvENt-does the dissolving • Ex. Salt water or sodium chloride dissolved in water Ex. salt solute H2O is the universal solvent

34. “U” put the Solute into the Solvent! Quick Reminder Like dissolves like Polar molecules dissolve polar molecules Non-polar molecules dissolve non-polar molecules

35. Energy Transformations16%

36. Most Dangerous

37. Sample Question Answer “B” is correct Because gamma radiation Is the most energetic radiation So it penetrates deepest into body tissue

38. Look for amount and time, amount goes down, time goes up with the number of half lives

39. Half-Life Every radioactive element has a distinctive rate of decay. The formula : t1/2 That is half the time it takes half of the atoms to undergo decay Sample problem: How much of a 100.0g sample of 198Au is left after 8.10 days if it’s half-life is 2.70 days? Answer: 12.5 g Strategy: Make a chart Notice time increases, amount decreases

40. GAS run high energy hottest LIQUID walk SOLID shake low energy coldest

41. Phase Change Diagram of Water Phase change here Phase change here

42. Phase Changes of Water

43. Types of Energy • kinetic energy = energy due to motion • potential energy = stored energy due to position or chemical composition

44. Types of Energy Mechanical Heat Nuclear Electrical Light Sound Chemical Electromagnetic

45. Energy Transformations

46. conductionconvectionradiation

47. Forces, Waves and Electricity16%

48. Speed and Velocity • Speed = distance divided by time s = d/t • Units of speed = m/s • Velocity = speed in a given direction • Example: • 55 mph = speed • 55 mph north = velocity

49. Acceleration • Acceleration = rate at which velocity changes • Involves a change in speed OR direction a = (vf – vi )/ t • Units of acceleration = m/s2 • Example: 0 to 60 mph in 5 seconds • For acceleration to occur a net (unbalanced) force must be applied

50. Sample Question #1 • Use the equations for velocity and acceleration to solve the following examples: • A ball rolls in a straight line very slowly across the floor traveling 1.0 meter in 2.0 seconds. Calculate the velocity of the ball. • Answer: v = 0.50 m/s • If the ball from the above question rolls to a stop in 2.0 seconds, calculate the acceleration (deceleration) of the ball. • Answer: a = -0.25 m/s2